Nanotechnology-Based Diagnostics for Diseases Prevalent in Developing Countries: Current Advances in Point-of-Care Tests

Abstract

The introduction of point-of-care testing (POCT) has revolutionized medical testing by allowing for simple tests to be conducted near the patient’s care point, rather than being confined to a medical laboratory. This has been especially beneficial for developing countries with limited infrastructure, where testing often involves sending specimens off-site and waiting for hours or days for results. However, the development of POCT devices has been challenging, with simplicity, accuracy, and cost-effectiveness being key factors in making these tests feasible. Nanotechnology has played a crucial role in achieving this goal, by not only making the tests possible but also masking their complexity. In this article, recent developments in POCT devices that benefit from nanotechnology are discussed. Microfluidics and lab-on-a-chip technologies are highlighted as major drivers of point-of-care testing, particularly in infectious disease diagnosis. These technologies enable various bioassays to be used at the point of care. The article also addresses the challenges faced by these technological advances and interesting future trends. The benefits of point-of-care testing are significant, especially in developing countries where medical care is shifting towards prevention, early detection, and managing chronic conditions. Infectious disease tests at the point of care in low-income countries can lead to prompt treatment, preventing infections from spreading.

Emerging Applications of Nanotechnology in Healthcare and Medicine

“…Nanotechnology and Lab-on-Chip Technology have revolutionized the field of healthcare by offering innovative solutions for disease diagnosis, personalized treatment, and drug delivery [ 15 ]. The combination of these two technologies has led to the development of advanced diagnostic tools that are faster, more accurate, and more cost-effective than traditional diagnostic methods [ 30 ]. Lab-on-Chip technology is making progress in different fields of science; for example, it is being considered for use against viral and cancerous diseases [ 15 , 24 ].…”

“…Lab-on-Chip technology is making progress in different fields of science; for example, it is being considered for use against viral and cancerous diseases [ 15 , 24 ]. The whole process revolves around analyzing genetic information at the cellular level [ 30 ]. Advanced procedures of gene sequencing and body fluid sampling have further assisted in revolutionizing nanotechnology in service of cures for diseases that were previously unimaginable [ 31 , 32 ].…”

Breaking barriers: The potential of nanosystems in antituberculosis therapy

“…In developing countries, the lack of infrastructure not only refers to biomedical and clinical equipment but also includes access to clean water, refrigeration, and electricity. Access to diagnostic tests can save lives of thousands who die from misdiagnosis and can also prevent the spread of epidemics [ 229 ].…”

Engineered two-dimensional nanomaterials based diagnostics integrated with internet of medical things (IoMT) for COVID-19

“…48 Consequently, this enables the bioengineered nanomaterials to selectively adhere to the virus, facilitating the examination, manipulation, and advancement of protocols for the detection, therapy, and prophylaxis of SARS-CoV-2. 49–51 The characteristics of nanotechnology also contribute to the advancement of portable devices and tools that can be marketed with added advantages such as stability, sensitivity, and exceptional precision. 52…”