Nanotechnology and vaccine development

Abstract

Emulsions Polymeric nanocarriersCarbon nanomaterials a b s t r a c t Despite the progress of conventional vaccines, improvements are clearly required due to concerns about the weak immunogenicity of these vaccines, intrinsic instability in vivo, toxicity, and the need for multiple administrations. To overcome such problems, nanotechnology platforms have recently been incorporated into vaccine development.Nanocarrier-based delivery systems offer an opportunity to enhance the humoral and cellular immune responses. This advantage is attributable to the nanoscale particle size, which facilitates uptake by phagocytic cells, the gut-associated lymphoid tissue, and the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, leading to efficient antigen recognition and presentation. Modifying the surfaces of nanocarriers with a variety of targeting moieties permits the delivery of antigens to specific cell surface receptors, thereby stimulating specific and selective immune responses. In this review, we introduce recent advances in nanocarrierbased vaccine delivery systems, with a focus on the types of carriers, including liposomes, emulsions, polymer-based particles, and carbon-based nanomaterials. We describe the remaining challenges and possible breakthroughs, including the development of needlefree nanotechnologies and a fundamental understanding of the in vivo behavior and stability of the nanocarriers in nanotechnology-based delivery systems.

Prevalence, diagnosis, management and control of important diseases of ruminants with special reference to indian scenario

“…These include DNA vaccines, subunit vaccines, recombinant vaccines, plant/edible vaccines, virus-like particles, nano vaccine etc. (Dhama et al, 2008, Dhama et al, 2013cDelany et al, 2014;Finco & Rappuoli, 2014;Kim et al, 2014;Singh et al, 2014c;Pany et al, 2015;Singh et al, 2015b). Along with this, for designing, developing and producing effective vaccines the usage of modern adjuvants (TLRs), immunomodulators, and delivery systems is the need of the hour for providing better protection to animals after vaccination (Reed et al, 2013;Dhama et al, 2015b;Singh et al, 2015b).…”

Nanotechnology Based Therapeutics, Drug Delivery Mechanisms and Vaccination approaches for Countering Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) Associated Diseases

“…It has advantage of improved efficiency in terms of antigen recognition and presentation by facilitating the cellular uptake of antigens (Oyewumi et al, 2010). Emulsions, synthetic or natural polymers to carbon based systems have been used as nanocarreirs in vaccination (Kim et al, 2014). Coating of these nanocarriers with molecules such as peptides or carbohydrates or lipidswill facilitate higher efficiency in delivery of antigen and adjuvant for the production of specific immune response against vaccines.…”

Zika virus – emergence, evolution, pathology, diagnosis, and control: current global scenario and future perspectives – a comprehensive review

“…An ideal Zika virus vaccine should have important qualities like administration of a single dose vaccination protecting from Zika viral disease, a safe vaccine which can be used in pregnancy, and rendering long lasting immunity (Palacios et al 2016). Apart from conventional vaccines (live attenuated or inactivated), newer and advanced technologies of vaccine development need to be explored to their full potential for developing effective vaccine against Zika virus such as DNA vaccines, subunit vaccines, recombinant vaccines, vectored vaccines, transgenic plant vaccines, reverse vaccinology, virusÀlike particles, gene/mutantÀde-leted vaccines, nanovaccines, and adjuvanted vaccines which are showing promising results for countering various infectious pathogens (Petrovsky and Aguilar 2004;Dhama, et al 2008;Delany et al 2014;Finco and Rappuoli 2014;Kim et al 2014;Reed et al 2013;Singh et al 2015;Zhou et al 2014;Pany et al 2015;Ulmer et al 2015). A futuristic perspective needs to have a better understanding of the immune mechanisms, immunobiology, pathogenesis and molecular characterization of Zika virus, necessary modifications of vaccine components with immunogenic antigens, and incorporating modern adjuvants such as TLRs, improving the vaccine delivery systems and appropriate immunomodulatory approaches.…”