Nanostructuring of 1-butyl-4-methylpyridinium chloride in ionic liquid–iron oxide nanofluids

Abstract

Understanding the behavior of ionic liquids (ILs) in ionic liquid-based nanofluids has great significance for its proper application. The phase changes and solidification observed in most ILs offer a great challenge to nanoparticles stabilization. Herein, we have synthesized and characterized a new type of IL-based iron oxide nanofluids using 1-butyl-4-methylpyridinium chloride. We have investigated the formation of dendrite-like nanostructures by 1-butyl-4-methylpyridinium chloride at the IL-nanoparticle interface. This solidification induced under high electric field was nanoparticle size dependent and may be controlled by temperature and frequency changes. Examining the rheological behavior showed that higher volume fraction of nanoparticles in this nanofluids drastically decreased the flow viscosity causing a crossover from non-Newtonian (pure IL) to Newtonian and then to shear-thinning behavior. The nanofluid stability also decreased with the increase in nanoparticle size.

A Critical Review on the Development of Ionic Liquids-Based Nanofluids as Heat Transfer Fluids for Solar Thermal Energy

“…The viscosity of ILs-based nanofluids is commonly measured by using an Anton Paar Rheometer Physica MCR 301 [37], Brookfield-DVII+Pro [42], HAAKE MARS 2 rheometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Karlsruhe, Germany) [43], AR-G2 rotational rheometer from TA instruments (New Castle, Delaware, USA) [44], Viscotester iQ, Haake, Germany [45], capillary viscometer [47], cone and plate type rotary viscometer [49,53,54,62], viscometer (DVI, Brookfield, Middleboro, MA, USA) [50,52], HAAKE RS6000 (Germany) Rheometer [58], and controlled stress rheometer (Haake model RS1) [60]. It is worth noting that most of the viscosity measuring units have a cone and plate type arrangement.…”

“…Franca et al [38] studied the thermal conductivity of The concept of nanofluids is used to enhance the thermophysical properties of ionic liquids (ILs) by dispersing a small volume/weight percentage of nanoparticles into base ILs and formed ILs-based nanofluids. Therefore, ILs-based nanofluids have gained interest as HTFs [36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45]. Several research groups are working on ILs-based nanofluids, and to date, several attempts have been made to quantify their thermophysical properties, such as thermal stability, rheological behavior, thermal conductivity, heat capacity, and thermal performance under natural and forced convection conditions.…”

“…The authors synthesized the ionanofluids by dispersing 1 wt%, 2 wt%, and 3 wt% graphene nanoplatelets with 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([C 4 mim])[PF 6 ]) ILs, and found that the viscosity and surface tension decreases with temperature and nanoparticles concentration and electrical conductivity increases with temperature and nanoparticles concentration. Joseph et al [43] investigated the rheological behavior of 1-butyl-4-methylpyridinium chloride ILs-based iron oxide nanofluids, and reported a dendrite-like nanostructure and shear thinning behavior of ILs-based nanofluids. Pamies et al [44] also reported the non-Newtonian shear thinning behavior of ILs-based nanofluids comprised of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ([EMIM][DCA]) ILs and 1 wt% carbon nanotubes (CNTs).…”

Ionic‐Liquid‐Based Nanofluids and Their Heat‐Transfer Applications: A Comprehensive Review

“…Viscosity influence of IL nanofluids with particle loadings have been explained by various investigators. Joseph et al [47] observed shear thinning behavior of 1-butyl-4-methylpyridinium chloride/Fe 3 O 4 ionic nanofluids compared to the base fluid. Pamies et al [48] have described the behavior of nanofluids based on 1-ethyl-3-meth-…”