Nanostructures for the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of SARS-CoV-2: A Review

Abstract

Scientists, doctors, engineers, and even entire societies have become aware of the seriousness of the COVID-19 infection and are taking action quickly, using all the tools from protection to treatment against coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Especially in this sense, scientific approaches and materials using nanotechnology are frequently preferred. In this review, we focus on how nanoscience and nanotechnology approaches can be used for protective equipment, diagnostic and treatment methods, medicine, and vaccine applications to stop the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and prevent its spread. SARS-CoV-2, which itself can be considered as a core–shell nanoparticle, can interact with various materials around it and remain bound for variable periods of time while maintaining its bioactivity. These applications are especially critical for the controlled use of disinfection systems. One of the most important processes in the fight against coronavirus is the rapid diagnosis of the virus in humans and the initiation of isolation and treatment processes. The development of nanotechnology-based test and diagnostic kits is another important research thrust. Nanotechnological therapeutics based on antiviral drug design and nanoarchitecture vaccines have been vital. Nanotechnology plays critical roles in the production of protective film surfaces for self-cleaning and antiviral masks, gloves, and laboratory clothes. An overview of literature studies highlighting nanotechnology and nanomaterial-based approaches to combat SARS-CoV-2 is presented.

Application of nanomaterials against SARS-CoV-2: An emphasis on their usefulness against emerging variants of concern

“…Similarly, the laser-induced transfer method has directly fabricated plasmonic silver nanoparticles on N95 masks. It also showed self-cleaning abilities with better protection, releasing silver ions with respiratory droplets against bacteria and the SARS-CoV-2 virus (Kiremitler et al, 2022). Furthermore, Aydemir and Ulusu (2020) reported coating masks and nasal filters with ACE2 enzyme for protection against SARS-CoV-2.…”

Disintegration and Machine-Learning-Assisted Identification of Bacteria on Antimicrobial and Plasmonic Ag–CuxO Nanostructures

“…The effective management of pathogen-related diseases is greatly improved by antibacterial surfaces and rapid, sensitive, and reliable bacteria detection techniques . Early detection of pathogens can prevent further spread and reduce transmission. , Identification of the specific bacteria responsible for infection is crucial for formulating an effective treatment strategy. Traditional methods for detecting bacteria include staining, optical microscopy, microbial culture, and amplification techniques .…”

“…9 Early detection of pathogens can prevent further spread and reduce transmission. 9,10 Identification of the specific bacteria responsible for infection is crucial for formulating an effective treatment strategy. Traditional methods for detecting bacteria include staining, optical microscopy, microbial culture, and amplification techniques.…”

One-step synthesis of triethanolamine-capped Pt nanoparticle for colorimetric and electrochemiluminescent immunoassay of SARS-CoV spike proteins

“…Short of the effective treatment, the convenient, rapid and sensitive detection methods for early diagnosis to control pandemic are of great importance [7] , [8] , [9] . Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test, as a current standard method for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis, is widely used in most medical centers because of its high specificity and precision [10] . Although RT-PCR is considered as a reliable detection method, it requires laboratory infrastructure and expensive instrumentation to complete the tests [11] .…”