Nanostructured sulfur cathodes

Yang, Yuan; Zheng, Guangyuan; Cui, Yi

doi:10.1039/c2cs35256g

Cited by 1,800 publications

(1,432 citation statements)

References 102 publications

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“…This is what typical shuttle mechanism describes. Enormous efforts have been dedicated to overcome the shuttle issue, most of which focused on cathode, including (1) designing nanostructured conductive carbon5 or polymer scaffold6 to confine LiPSs, (2) employing inorganic yet conductive materials for enhancing the adsorption and surface redox chemistry of LiPSs,7 and (3) tailoring reduction pathway and chemical formulation of polysulfide complex by tuning the coordination capability of electrolyte solvents 8. Although previous works have made huge success, the dissolution of LiPSs seems to be barely evitable in conventional ether‐based liquid electrolytes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Janus Separator of Polypropylene‐Supported Cellular Graphene Framework for Sulfur Cathodes with High Utilization in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

et al. 2015

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Owing to the conversion chemistry of the sulfur cathode, the lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries exhibit high theoretical energy density. However, the intrinsic mobile redox centers during the sulfur/Li2S‐to‐lithium polysulfides solid‐to‐liquid phase transition induce low sulfur utilization and poor cycling life. Herein, the Janus separator of mesoporous cellular graphene framework (CGF)/polypropylene membrane to promote the utilization of sulfur cathode is introduced. The porous polypropylene membrane serves as an insulating substrate in contact with lithium anode while CGFs that possess high electrical conductivity of 100 S cm−1, a large mesopore volume of 3.1 cm3 g−1, and a huge surface area of 2120 m2 g−1 are adhered on cathode side to reactivate the shuttling‐back polysulfides and to preserve the ion channels. Therefore, the Li–S cell with the “two‐face” CGF Janus separator exhibit a high initial capacity of 1109 mAh g−1 and superior capacity preserved upon 800 mAh g−1 after 250 cycles at 0.2 C, which is 40% higher on sulfur utilization efficiency than the corresponding results with routine polypropylene separators. There are significant improvements on capacity as well as electrochemical kinetics. A very high areal capacity of 5.5 mAh cm−2 combined with high sulfur content of 80% and areal loading amount of 5.3 mg cm−2 is achieved for such advanced configuration. The negative impact of shuttle mechanism on lowering the utilization of sulfur and overall energy density of a Li–S battery is well eliminated by applying CGF separators. Consequently, employing carbonaceous materials as Janus face of separators enlightens new opportunities for improving the utilization of active materials and energy density of devices that involve complex phase evolution and conversion electrochemistry.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Janus Separator of Polypropylene‐Supported Cellular Graphene Framework for Sulfur Cathodes with High Utilization in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

et al. 2015

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“…Compared to Li‐ion batteries,11, 12, 13, 14, 15 rechargeable lithium‐sulfur (Li‐S) batteries exhibit clear advantages such as a theoretical energy density of 2570 Wh kg −1 (three to five times higher than the state‐of‐the‐art Li‐ion batteries) as well as the cost effectiveness and environmental benignity of sulfur 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21. However, due to the insulating nature of S, as well as the notorious shuttling effect of intermediate lithium polysulfides (Li 2 S x , x > 3), Li‐S batteries are still yet to be commercialized 22, 23, 24.…”

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confidence: 99%

In Situ Formed Protective Barrier Enabled by Sulfur@Titanium Carbide (MXene) Ink for Achieving High‐Capacity, Long Lifetime Li‐S Batteries

et al. 2018

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Sulfur (S) is an attractive cathode material with advantages including high theoretical capacity and low cost. However, issues such as the lithium polysulfide shuttle effect and its insulating properties greatly limit the future applications of lithium‐sulfur (Li‐S) batteries. Here, a viscous aqueous ink with nanoscale S uniformly decorated on the polar, metallically conductive titanium carbide MXene nanosheets (S@Ti3C2Tx) is reported to address these issues. Importantly, it is observed that the conductive Ti3C2Tx mediator efficiently chemisorbs the soluble polysulfides and converts them into thiosulfate/sulfate. The in situ formed sulfate complex layer acts as a thick protective barrier, which significantly retards the shuttling of polysulfides upon cycling and improves the sulfur utilization. Consequently, the binder‐free, robust, highly electrically conductive composite film exhibits outstanding electrochemical performance, including high capacities (1244–1350 mAh g‐1), excellent rate handling, and impressive cycling stability (0.035–0.048% capacity loss per cycle), surpassing the best MXene‐S batteries known. The fabrication of a pouch cell based on the freestanding S@Ti3C2Tx film is also reported. The prototype device showcases high capacities and excellent mechanical flexibility. Considering the broad family of MXenes and their unique roles in immobilizing the polysulfides, various S@MXene composites can be similarly fabricated with promising Li+ storage capability and long lifetime performance.

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“…Lithium sulfur (Li–S) battery has recently attracted worldwide attentions due to its ultrahigh specific capacity of 1675 mAh g −1 based on sulfur, which far exceeds that of Li‐ion battery 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. In addition, sulfur is abundant in nature, low cost, and low toxicity 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, sulfur is abundant in nature, low cost, and low toxicity 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. However, the insulating nature of sulfur (S) and its reaction products (i.e., Li 2 S), the large volume expansion from S to Li 2 S, along with the dissolution of lithium polysulfide intermediates (i.e., Li 2 S x , 4 ≤ x ≤ 8) into liquid electrolyte and the consequent shuttling effect between the anode and cathode, makes it generally display poor rate ability, limited cycle life and severe self‐discharge 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. Therefore, a variety of strategies have been pursued to circumvent the sulfur cathode problems, including optimization of organic electrolytes8, 9 and fabrication of sulfur‐conductive polymer composites10, 11 and sulfur–carbon‐based composites 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Leaf‐Like Graphene‐Oxide‐Wrapped Sulfur for High‐Performance Lithium–Sulfur Battery

et al. 2015

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Carbon/sulfur composites are attracting extensive attention because of their improved performances for Li–S batteries. However, the achievements are generally based on the low S‐content in the composites and the low S‐loading on the electrode. Herein, a leaf‐like graphene oxide (GO), which includes an inherent carbon nanotube midrib in the GO plane, is synthesized for preparing GO/S composites. Owing to the inherent high conductivity of carbon nanotube midribs and the abundant surface groups of GO for S‐immobilization, the composite with an S‐content of 60 wt% exhibits ultralong cycling stability over 1000 times with a low capacity decay of 0.033% per cycle and a high rate up to 4C. When the S‐content is increased to 75 wt%, the composite still shows a perfect cycling performance over 1000 cycles. Even with the high S‐loading of 2.7 mg cm−2 on the electrode and the high S‐content of 85 wt%, it still shows a promising cycling performance over 600 cycles.

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Nanostructured sulfur cathodes

Cited by 1,800 publications

References 102 publications

Janus Separator of Polypropylene‐Supported Cellular Graphene Framework for Sulfur Cathodes with High Utilization in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

Janus Separator of Polypropylene‐Supported Cellular Graphene Framework for Sulfur Cathodes with High Utilization in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

In Situ Formed Protective Barrier Enabled by Sulfur@Titanium Carbide (MXene) Ink for Achieving High‐Capacity, Long Lifetime Li‐S Batteries

Leaf‐Like Graphene‐Oxide‐Wrapped Sulfur for High‐Performance Lithium–Sulfur Battery

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