Nanostructured Metal Oxides for Stoichiometric Degradation of Chemical Warfare Agents

Abstract

Metal oxides have very important applications in many areas of chemistry, physics and materials science; their properties are dependent on the method of preparation, the morphology and texture. Nanostructured metal oxides can exhibit unique characteristics unlike those of the bulk form depending on their morphology, with a high density of edges, corners and defect surfaces. In recent years, methods have been developed for the preparation of metal oxide powders with tunable control of the primary particle size as well as of a secondary particle size: the size of agglomerates of crystallites. One of the many ways to take advantage of unique properties of nanostructured oxide materials is stoichiometric degradation of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) and volatile organic compounds (VOC) pollutants on their surfaces.

From DNA to Nerve Agents – The Biomimetic Catalysts for the Hydrolysis of Phosphate Esters

“…Stengl et al has substantially enlarged the family of reactive sorbents . By the environmentally benign “wet” processes (precipitation and homogeneous hydrolysis), they prepared numerous nanocrystals, such as Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , MgO, MnO 2 , etc.…”

“…By the environmentally benign “wet” processes (precipitation and homogeneous hydrolysis), they prepared numerous nanocrystals, such as Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , MgO, MnO 2 , etc. They examined and compared these nanocrystals on the hydrolysis kinetics of CW reagent GD, VX and HD . Later more degradation experiment of sarin by MnO 2 , TiO 2 , V 1.02 O 2.98 , Zr(OH) 4 were reported by Mahata et al …”

“…Other than the foregoing one‐component metal oxides, the mixed‐metal oxides, or heterogeneous oxide system were also brought into view by Stengl et al due to their advantages in separation and recovery . They synthesized Zr‐doped nano dispersive oxides of Fe, Al and Zn.…”

“…Furthermore, they continued to explore the hydrolyzing efficiency of TiO 2 doped by Zr, Hf, Ge and Mn element . By preparing substituted Fe 3+ ‐Mn 3+,4+ oxides, they found that the best decontamination activities against GD and VX were observed with 32.6 wt % Fe and 36.8 wt % Mn . Similarly they synthesized Ti−Ce nanocomposite and found that when the composites was Ti : Ce 2 : 8 and 1 : 1 molar ratio, the degradation efficiency is the highest …”

Safe decontamination of cytostatics from the nitrogen mustards family. Part one: cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide

“…Observed acceleration heterogeneous reactions, which take place on the surface of the nanocrystals, have been explained in particular by increasing the proportion of highly reactive sites, such as the edges and corners of nanocrystals in which the amount of dislocations or defects increase. 2 The sulfur mustards family includes eight useful agents, including sulfur mustard bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide (yperite) used as a chemical warfare agent, which is cytotoxic and acts as a nonspecific DNA alkylating agent. After World War I, there was research into its effect on tumor cells.…”