“…Through altering the bath conditions the deposition rate can vary between a few nanometres to a few hundred microns an hour. The versatility of electro-less deposition has allowed a number of porous substrates to be efficiently plated including polymer surfaces [90][91][92][93] , carbon fibres 94 , metal surfaces and particles 34,95 , carbon nanotube surfaces 96 , glass 97,98 or porous ceramics (silica, alumina, titania) 35,[99][100][101][102] . Gold and metal nanotube membranes have been fabricated through this approach and used for electrode fabrication 103 , molecular separation 100,104 , lithography, 105 and sensing 13,106 .…”