Nanostructured gradient Co-Sn electrodeposits as alternative to Sn connector contacts

Electrochemical Nucleation and Growth of Cobalt from Methanesulfonic Acid Electrolyte

“…Cobalt and cobalt alloys have been well known as recording media throughout the computer industry 1,2 and recently, some new application fields of cobalt and its alloys have been reported as: cobalt for interconnect 3 and self-lubrication coating 4 application, lead-cobalt alloy as effective electrocatalyst in the oxygen-evolution reaction 5 and tin-cobalt alloy as anode of lithium batteries, 6 lead-free plain bearing 7,8 as well as alternative to Sn connector contacts. 9 In the fabrication of cobalt and cobalt alloys, electrodeposition is always considered as an effective and efficient way as the coating composition and structure can be conveniently controlled by varying the operating conditions, for instance, the current density. Up to date, cobalt has been electrodeposited from chloride, 1,2,10-12 sulfate 13 and citrate [14][15][16] aqueous baths as well as from the urea-choline chloride-CoCl 2 melt 17 and deep eutectic solvent, 18 the influence of deposition parameters on current efficiency, 12 deposit morphology, 19 structure 20 and magnetic properties 19,21,22 was also investigated.…”

Influence of additives on microstructure, mechanical and tribological properties of nanocrystalline Zn–Ni coatings in a novel alkaline bath

“…A high uctuation of the friction coefficient is observed when the sliding is recorded and this uctuation can be attributed to the behavior of adhesive wear, caused by the formation of debris particles at the friction interface. 22 Also, the debris particles can be observed in the countermaterial surface. Thus, the tribosystem becomes Zn-Ni alloys versus Zn-Ni alloys, which leads to sticking owing to the adhesion behavior.…”

“…Nanocrystalline coatings exhibit superior wear resistance that not typically found in conventional coatings. 22,23 Rupert et al 24 revealed that the wear rate of nanocrystalline Ni-W deposits decreased with the decrease of grain size and the nanocrystalline deposits adhered to the Archard equation over a wide range of grain size. Shaei et al 25 have studied the wear resistance of nanocrystalline and microcrystalline Ni lms.…”

Inhibition of Sn(II) Oxidation by Air Oxygen in Acidic Gluconate-Containing Solutions

“…Gluconic acid (HO-CH 2 -(CH-OH) 4 -COOH) is one of the environmentally friendly and promising ligands in plating baths for electrodeposition of tin [8][9][10][11][12][13] and its binary and ternary alloys, such as Sn-Cu, [14][15][16] Sn-Mn, 17 Sn-Co, [18][19][20] Sn-Fe, 21 Sn-Zn, [22][23][24] Sn-Ni, 25 Sn-Co-Fe, 26 and Sn-Ni-Fe. 27,28 It is known that Sn(II) ions form rather stable monoligand and diligand complex compounds with the anion of gluconic acid (L − ) in acidic solutions (pH 2-5): SnL + (logβ = 3.0) and SnL 2 (log β = 5.3).…”