Nanostructured europium-doped layered lithium manganese oxide as a prospective cathode material for aqueous lithium-ion battery

Microwave synthesis of antimony oxide graphene nanoparticles – a new electrode material for supercapacitors

“…Due to the crystallinity of the material, the selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern exhibits concentric circles, indicating that the material is crystalline in the (212), ( 110), ( 104), (012) directions for SbO and (012), ( 104) and (110) directions for SbO-G. Higher the crystallinity of the material, faster the ion transit within the grains and higher the conductivity. 14 The interlayer spacing was also calculated from the SAED images. The d spacing for SbO and SbO-G was calculated to be 2.07 and 2.32 nm respectively.…”

“…Despite the high degree of aggregation, the material's small grain size indicates that it is highly permeable. 13,14 Porosity would improve the ion transfer process and, as a result, the energy storage efficiency. 15 In the corresponding SAED pattern, all rings can be indexed to the diffraction peaks of orthorhombic Sb 2 O 3 .…”

“…16 The most intense peak in the SbO-G composite (2q = 28.54°) is slightly shied to a lower angle as compared to pristine SbO nanoparticles (2q = 28.59°) indicating the enlargement in SbO interlayers due to defects/embedding of the graphene nanoparticles. 14 A clear shi in the interlayer spacing between SbO and SbO-G indicates that the addition of graphene can effectively expand the interlayer spacing of the composite, which will facilitate the diffusion and transport of electrolyte ions during the charge/discharge process. 17,18 Crystal size was also estimated using the Debye-Scherrer formula for the most intense peaks in the XRD patterns.…”