Nanostructured Biointerfaces Based on Bioceramic Calcium Carbonate/Hydrogel Coatings on Titanium with an Active Enzyme for Stimulating Osteoblasts Growth

Abstract

Novel bone growth-stimulating interfaces are designed via surface modification of titanium (Ti) surfaces using the bioceramic CaCO 3 in the vaterite phase, Ca-crosslinked alginate hydrogel, or a blend of these two materials with an active enzyme, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), as an osteoinductive component. The surface morphology and chemistry of the engineered surfaces are investigated using scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, while the vaterite crystal fraction within the inorganic phase of the different coating types is determined by X-ray diffraction. The functionality of the osteoconductive assembled bioceramic-hydrogel interface on Ti surface in regard with an active ALP payload is verified by the surface ALP loading and its activity. The methods of loading of ALP onto a Ti surface, adsorption versus coprecipitation, have a significant influence on the activity of immobilized ALP amount. The osteoblasts cultivated on the engineered surfaces functionalized with ALP exhibit a higher viability. The proposed composite materials with an active surface and a high mineral content represent an attractive biointerface for tissue engineering.

Hierarchy of Hybrid Materials—The Place of Inorganics-in-Organics in it, Their Composition and Applications

“…In this regard, functionalization of the coatings with enzymes and proteins has been identified to stimulate and promote cell growth. Recently, the addition of ALP (alkaline phosphates) on the surface of hybrid scaffolds has been shown to promote the cell adhesion (Muderrisoglu et al, 2018), where functionalization of titanium implants modified with hydrogels and calcium carbonate particles resulted in ~1.4 times higher cell viability. Antibacterial properties of the coatings have always been an important attribute of the coatings.…”

Enhancement of Intracellular Calcium Ion Mobilization by Moderately but Not Highly Positive Material Surface Charges

“…In orthopedic applications, titanium (Ti) has been and still is the material of choice due to properties such as high strength and corrosion resistance (Hanawa, 2019). To improve the bioactivity of Ti-based materials, several strategies are used, including physical treatments to modify the topography (Wennerberg and Albrektsson, 2009;Nikkhah et al, 2012;Kumar et al, 2019) or chemical treatments to modify the bioactivity (Kokubo and Yamaguchi, 2015;Muderrisoglu et al, 2018;Devgan and Sidhu, 2019) all aiming to optimize the interaction with osteoblastic cells.…”

Immobilization and Stabilization of Enzyme in Biomineralized Calcium Carbonate Microspheres

“…Calcium carbonate and calcium carbonate–modified materials have previously been used in enzyme studies as immobilizing carriers and delivery vehicles. For example, several attempts have been made to encapsulate enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, alkaline phosphatase, pyruvate kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase and characterize the encapsulated enzyme in terms of the enzyme loading and efficiency, specific activity, and change in activity based on the morphological changes of calcium carbonate ( Donatan et al, 2016 ; Muderrisoglu et al, 2018 ; Binevski et al, 2019 ). Additionally, the release behavior from the calcium carbonate particles has also been investigated ( Roth et al, 2018 ; Abalymov et al, 2020 ).…”