Nanostructured Antibiotics and Their Emerging Medicinal Applications: An Overview of Nanoantibiotics

Abstract

Bacterial strains resistant to antimicrobial treatments, such as antibiotics, have emerged as serious clinical problems, necessitating the development of novel bactericidal materials. Nanostructures with particle sizes ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers have appeared recently as novel antibacterial agents, which are also known as “nanoantibiotics”. Nanomaterials have been shown to exert greater antibacterial effects on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria across several studies. Antibacterial nanofilms for medical implants and restorative matters to prevent bacterial harm and antibacterial vaccinations to control bacterial infections are examples of nanoparticle applications in the biomedical sectors. The development of unique nanostructures, such as nanocrystals and nanostructured materials, is an exciting step in alternative efforts to manage microorganisms because these materials provide disrupted antibacterial effects, including better biocompatibility, as opposed to minor molecular antimicrobial systems, which have short-term functions and are poisonous. Although the mechanism of action of nanoparticles (NPs) is unknown, scientific suggestions include the oxidative-reductive phenomenon, reactive ionic metals, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Many synchronized gene transformations in the same bacterial cell are essential for antibacterial resistance to emerge; thus, bacterial cells find it difficult to build resistance to nanoparticles. Therefore, nanomaterials are considered as advanced solution tools for the fields of medical science and allied health science. The current review emphasizes the importance of nanoparticles and various nanosized materials as antimicrobial agents based on their size, nature, etc.

The impact of biosynthesized ZnO nanoparticles from Olea europaea (Common Olive) on Pseudomonas aeruginosa growth and biofilm formation

“…Other research has indicated that the predominant cause of the antibacterial mechanism could be due to the disturbance of cell membrane activity 59 , 60 . However, Modi et al 61 stated that gram-negative antibiotic-resistant bacteria, for example, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli , have low sensitivity to colloidal ZnO NPs compared to gram-positive antibiotic-resistant bacteria. As previously discussed, the production of intercellular reactive oxygen species, such as hydrogen peroxide, an oxidizing element that harms bacterial cells, may also cause this mechanism 62 .…”

Deleterious Effect of Air Pollution on Human Microbial Community and Bacterial Flora: A Short Review

“…There are lesser-known factors that influence and alter nasal microbiota; age, season, and climate may also alter the nasal microbiota [ 31 ]. Additionally, air pollution, even low exposure, may influence the nasal microbiota during the first year of life; especially, exposure to air pollutants PM 2.5 and NO 2 is associated with nasal microbiota alteration, respiratory infections, and asthma development during early life [ 32 , 33 ].…”

Plasmon Inspired 2D Carbon Nitrides: Structural, Optical and Surface Characteristics for Improved Biomedical Applications

“…These optical and electronic characteristics provide an outstanding catalytic action against targeted applications. [4,5]. The associated electronic configurations of both the Ag and Au NPs found much better as bimetallic nanocatalysts due to their intra-bands structure and combined surface plasmon resonance (SPR, produced by the combined fluctuation of the valance band electrons after irradiated by electromagnetic wave) and that is why both candidates are mainly focused for biomedical uses as compared to other noble metals.…”

“…When the particular incident light interacts with Ag and Au particles, the conduction bands electron promotes to the valance bands and combined fluctuates with the similar frequencies of incident wavelength of light. This phenomenon is called SPR which is studied in noble metal surfaces [5][6][7]. Variety morphologies offer fascinating chances for biomolecules or microbes to disperse and come into interaction with one another at the surface, enabling individuals to properly manage their specific functions.…”