Nanosphere Structures Using Various Materials: A Strategy for Signal Amplification for Virus Sensing

Abstract

Nanomaterials have been explored in the sensing research field in the last decades. Mainly, 3D nanomaterials have played a vital role in advancing biomedical applications, and less attention was given to their application in the field of biosensors for pathogenic virus detection. The versatility and tunability of a wide range of nanomaterials contributed to the development of a rapid, portable biosensor platform. In this review, we discuss 3D nanospheres, one of the classes of nanostructured materials with a homogeneous and dense matrix wherein a guest substance is carried within the matrix or on its surface. This review is segmented based on the type of nanosphere and their elaborative application in various sensing techniques. We emphasize the concept of signal amplification strategies using different nanosphere structures constructed from a polymer, carbon, silica, and metal–organic framework (MOF) for rendering high-level sensitivity of virus detection. We also briefly elaborate on some challenges related to the further development of nanosphere-based biosensors, including the toxicity issue of the used nanomaterial and the commercialization hurdle.

Chitosan/Alginate-Based Nanoparticles for Antibacterial Agents Delivery

“… 39 Meanwhile, nanospheres involve the formation of a polymeric matrix in which drugs are dispersed both molecularly and on a nano scale within the matrix. 40 The process of forming polymeric nanoparticle systems occurs through a self-assembly mechanism, where polymer chains cross-link independently to form the desired nanoparticle structure ( Figure 1 ). 38 This enables the nanoparticles to exhibit controlled release kinetics and targeted delivery, addressing limitations of conventional drug delivery systems.…”