Reliable and direct detection of dopamine (DA), which
is a crucial
neurotransmitter, is required to diagnose dopamine-related diseases.
However, the plasmonic colloidal sensing systems without prefunctionalization
(e.g., aptamer, receptor, antibody, etc.) have not been well-established
for trace DA detection yet. Herein, we develop a synchronous colorimetric
and liquid-surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensing system
for the sensitive and selective detection of DA neurotransmitters
using Au–Ag core–shell nanoparticles (Au@Ag CSNPs).
The DA-mediated aggregation of Au@Ag CSNPs changed their plasmon resonance,
leading to a distinct color change of the CSNP dispersion and generation
of strong electromagnetic “hot spots” in the clustered
CSNPs. Notably, the addition of Fe3+ ions to the CSNP dispersion
intensified the DA-mediated aggregation of CSNPs, which significantly
improved the colorimetric response and liquid-SERS detection of DA
in the nanomolar range. Notably, the dual-mode sensing system without
prefunctionalization demonstrated highly selective detection of the
DA analyte against similar catecholamines (such as norepinephrine
and epinephrine), which can be potentially applied to the selective
discrimination of trace DA in real samples.