Nanoselenium Enhanced Wheat Resistance to Aphids by Regulating Biosynthesis of DIMBOA and Volatile Components

Abstract

Aphids are one of the most destructive insects in many cultivated plants including wheat, which can cause significant yield loss and damage the quality of agricultural products. Therefore, it is essential to control the occurrence of aphids during wheat growth. Previous studies reported the alterations in the resistance of wheat to pests induced by several external factors such as nutrients in soils and nano-carbonaceous materials. In this study, nanoselenium (nano-Se) was sprayed on wheat leaves at several concentration levels (1.0, 5.0, and 20 mg/L). Nano-Se (5.0 mg/L) could significantly reduce Sitobion avenae number (36%) compared with the control. The foliar application of nano-Se was found to enhance the antioxidation capacity by reducing MDA concentration and increasing GSH-Px, CAT, GSH, Pro and VE concentrations. Phenylpropane pathway was activated after the application of nano-Se, with significantly increasing apigenin and caffeic acid concentrations. The highlevel expression of the related genes (TaBx1A, TaBx3A, TaBx4A, TaASMT2, and TaCOMT) induced the increasing melatonin concentration by 88.6% and DIMBOA concentration by 64.3%. Different ratios of the secondary metabolites to nano-Se were conducted to examine the effects on wheat resistance to the Sitobion avenae.The results revealed the combination of nano-Se and melatonin can achieve the best overall performance by reducing the Sitobion avenae infection by 52.2%. The results from this study suggest that the coordinative applications nano-Se and melatonin combination could be more effectively improve the wheat resistance to aphids via promotion of volatile organic compound synthesis and modulation in phenylpropane and indole metabolism pathways.

Bensulfuron-Methyl, Terbutylazine, and 2,4-D Butylate Disturb Plant Growth and Resistance by Deteriorating Rhizosphere Environment and Plant Secondary Metabolism in Wheat Seedlings

“…Minor adjustments were made to the DIMBOA (2,4-dihydroxy-7methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one) detection technique utilized in a prior work. 26 This involved extracting 100 mg of ground wheat leaves, roots, and rhizosphere soil samples with 1 mL of methanol (containing 1% formic acid) at 4 °C for 24 h. The samples were then homogenized for 5 min using ultrasounds before centrifugation for 5 min at 12 000 rpm. After collecting the resulting supernatants, the above-mentioned process was repeated three times.…”

“…A modified method of the MT approach was employed in a prior study. 26 Liquid nitrogen was used to grind wheat tissues (leaves, roots, and rhizosphere soil), with 100 mg of wheat tissues subsequently extracted with 1 mL of extracting solution (acetonitrile/hexane = 80:20, V/V). After applying ultrasounds for 30 min, the resultant homogenate was centrifuged for 5 min at 12 000 rpm.…”

Negative Interactions Balance Growth and Defense in Plants Confronted with Herbivores or Pathogens

“…Whether SA promotes or inhibits plant growth depends on the species of plant and concentrations of expressed SA. 42 JA is also a key factor in the regulation of the defense responses inhibiting invasion by herbivores or saprophytic pathogens. 43 Similar to SA, the production of JA also affects plant development and is a plant senescence promoter and root growth inhibitor.…”

“… Moreover, the production of SA not only affects the resistance of plants to pathogens and herbivores but can also influence the morphology of leaves as well as root and flower development. Whether SA promotes or inhibits plant growth depends on the species of plant and concentrations of expressed SA …”

Feeding foliar nano-selenium biofortified panax notoginseng could reduce the occurrence of glycolipid metabolism disorder in mice caused by high-fat diets

“…Studies showed that nano-Se may be utilized as biofortifiers and stimulators, and its effect on plant antioxidant metabolism was related to primary and secondary metabolites ( 20 ). Our previous studies demonstrated that foliar application of nano-Se regulated hormone pathway, phenylpropane pathway, volatile organic compounds, antioxidants enzymes, and secondary metabolites to strengthen the quality and resistance in various crops ( 21 – 23 ). Medical studies revealed that the protective mechanism of Se on the human body includes inhibition of oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, protection of vascular cells from apoptosis, calcification, and regulation of inflammation ( 24 ).…”