Nanoscale Transport Imaging of Active Lateral Devices: Static and Frequency Dependent Modes

Strelcov, Evgheni; Ahmadi, Mahshid; Kalinin, Sergei V.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75687-5_10

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 209 publications

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“…For measurements on LAO/STO, the DC bias waveform was supplied to lateral electrodes on the sample surface while the potential distribution between device electrodes was mapped. , However, many drive schemes are possible, including directly biasing the tip (or sample) to probe bias-dependent charge dynamics through a sample or supplying the bias waveform to a light source in the case of optoelectronic measurements . This versatility is an advantage of HS-KPFM compared with related time-resolved KPFM methods, which require a dedicated device platform. − The determination of CPD from the harmonic responses was done offline using the principle of DH-KPFM (see the Supporting Information).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visualizing Charge Transport and Nanoscale Electrochemistry by Hyperspectral Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy

Collins

Vasudevan

Sehirlioglu

2020

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Charge-transport and electrochemical processes are heavily influenced by the local microstructure. Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) is a widely used technique to map electrochemical potentials at the nanometer scale; however, it offers little information on local charge dynamics. Here, we implement a hyperspectral KPFM approach for spatially mapping bias-dependent charge dynamics in timescales ranging from the sub-millisecond to the second regime. As a proof of principle, we investigate the role mobile surface charges play in a three-unit-cell LaAlO3/SrTiO3 oxide heterostructure. We explore machine learning approaches to assist with visualization, pattern recognition, and interpretation of the information-rich data sets. Linear unmixing methods reveal hidden bias-dependent interfacial processes, most likely water splitting, which are essentially unnoticed by functional fitting of the dynamic response alone. Hyperspectral KPFM will be beneficial for investigating nanoscale charge transport and local reactivity in systems involving a possible combination of electronic, ionic, and electrochemical phenomena.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visualizing Charge Transport and Nanoscale Electrochemistry by Hyperspectral Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy

Collins

Vasudevan

Sehirlioglu

2020

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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“…This has however lead to the development of novel modes of KPFM, or related techniques, to achieve a locally and time-resolved analysis of the surface potential, charge or ionic transport phenomena. Such approaches [618,619] provide information beyond the time averaged CPD, on fast local charging, or ion dynamics and have proven useful in probing time dependent ionic transport in lateral devices [384], surface photo-voltage and charge carrier generation [371,372], as well as charge screening and ion dynamics at the solid-liquid interface [46,47].…”

Section: Time Resolved Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards nanoscale electrical measurements in liquid by advanced KPFM techniques: a review

et al. 2018

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Fundamental mechanisms of energy storage, corrosion, sensing, and multiple biological functionalities are directly coupled to electrical processes and ionic dynamics at solid-liquid interfaces. In many cases, these processes are spatially inhomogeneous taking place at grain boundaries, step edges, point defects, ion channels, etc and possess complex time and voltage dependent dynamics. This necessitates time-resolved and real-space probing of these phenomena. In this review, we discuss the applications of force-sensitive voltage modulated scanning probe microscopy (SPM) for probing electrical phenomena at solid-liquid interfaces. We first describe the working principles behind electrostatic and Kelvin probe force microscopies (EFM & KPFM) at the gas-solid interface, review the state of the art in advanced KPFM methods and developments to (i) overcome limitations of classical KPFM, (ii) expand the information accessible from KPFM, and (iii) extend KPFM operation to liquid environments. We briefly discuss the theoretical framework of electrical double layer (EDL) forces and dynamics, the implications and breakdown of classical EDL models for highly charged interfaces or under high ion concentrations, and describe recent modifications of the classical EDL theory relevant for understanding nanoscale electrical measurements at the solid-liquid interface. We further review the latest achievements in mapping surface charge, dielectric constants, and electrodynamic and electrochemical processes in liquids. Finally, we outline the key challenges and opportunities that exist in the field of nanoscale electrical measurements in liquid as well as providing a roadmap for the future development of liquid KPFM.

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“…We studied local charge dynamics by using tr-KPFM with the same bias pulse sequence as shown in Figure a. This mode of tr-KPFM is well-suited for probing slow (seconds–minutes) charge dynamics. , To ease interpretation of the tr-KPFM results, we plotted data as potential profiles (Δ V ) by removing the static offsets from the CPD data (e.g., spatial variations in work function). From Figure b, Δ V traces are seen to closely resemble the macroscopic current measurement.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlation of Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Polarization and Charge Transport in Blended Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Perovskites on Macro- and Nanoscales

Collins

Muckley

Tsai

et al. 2020

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Progress in flexible organic electronics necessitates a full understanding of how local inhomogeneities impact electronic and ionic conduction pathways and underlie macroscopic device characteristics. We used frequency-and time-resolved macro-and nanoprobe measurements to study spatiotemporal characteristics of multiscale charge transport dynamics in a series of ternary-blended hybrid organic inorganic perovskites (HOIPs) (MA 0.95−x FA x Cs 0.05 PbI 3 ). We show that A-site cation composition defines charge transport mechanisms across broad temporal (10 2 −10 −6 s) and spatial (millimeters−picometers) scales. Ab initio molecular dynamic simulations suggest that insertion of FA results in a dynamic lattice, improved ion transport, and dipole screening. We demonstrate that correlations between macro-and nanoscale measurements provide a pathway for accessing distribution of relaxation in nanoscale polarization and charge transport dynamics of ionically conductive functional perovskites.

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Nanoscale Transport Imaging of Active Lateral Devices: Static and Frequency Dependent Modes

Cited by 3 publications

References 209 publications

Visualizing Charge Transport and Nanoscale Electrochemistry by Hyperspectral Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy

Visualizing Charge Transport and Nanoscale Electrochemistry by Hyperspectral Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy

Towards nanoscale electrical measurements in liquid by advanced KPFM techniques: a review

Correlation of Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Polarization and Charge Transport in Blended Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Perovskites on Macro- and Nanoscales

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