Nanoscale thermal probing

Measuring local temperature with a spatial resolution on the order of a few nanometers has a wide range of applications from semiconductor industry over material to life sciences [1]. When combined with precision temperature measurement it promises to give excess to small temperature changes caused e.g. by chemical reactions or biochemical processes [2]. However, nanoscale temperature measurements and precision have excluded each other so far owing to the physical processes used for temperature measurement of limited stability of nanoscale probes [3]. Here we experimentally demonstrate a novel nanoscale temperature sensing technique based on single atomic defects in diamonds. Sensor sizes range from millimeter down to a few tens of nanometers. Utilizing the sensitivity of the optically accessible electron spin level structure to temperature changes [4] we achieve a temperature noise floor of 5 mK/ √ Hz for single defects in bulk sensors. Using doped nanodiamonds as sensors yields temperature measurement with 130 mK/ √ Hz noise floor and accuracies down to 1 mK at length scales of a few ten nanometers. The high sensitivity to temperature changes together with excellent spatial resolution combined with outstanding sensor stability allows for nanoscale precision temperature determination enough to measure chemical processes of few or single molecules by their reaction heat even in heterogeneous environments like cells.Several kinds of nanoscale temperature sensing techniques have been developed in the recent past [1]. These are scanning thermal microscopes (SThM) [5], dispersed or scanned individual nanoprobes [3,6], direct methods like micro-Raman spectroscopy [7] or near-field optical temperature measurements [8]. SThMs have temperature sensitive elements at a scanning tip (e.g. thermocouple), the nanoprobes have temperature dependent properties (e.g. fluorescence spectrum) which can be accessed without direct contact.In this study utilize a single quantum system in a solid state matrix as a temperature nanoprobe, namely the negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond, which allows probe sizes down to ∼ 5 nm [9]. High fidelity control of its ground state electronic and nuclear spins has been demonstrated for various quantum information test experiments [10-15] as well as for nanometer scale metrology purposes [16][17][18][19] e.g. measuring small magnetic and electric fields. Here we show that it also allows tracking temperature with high precision. Temperature nanoprobes can be either dispersed in the specimen to be investigated or used in scanning probe geometry (see fig. 1a).The NV center is a molecular impurity in diamond comprising a substitutional nitrogen impurity and an adjacent carbon vacancy. Optical excitation in a wavelength range from 460 nm to 580 nm yields intense fluorescence emission [20]. Excitation also leads to a high degree of ground state electron spin polarization (S = 1, the actual sensor level) into its m S = 0 (|0 ) sublevel [21]. Furthermore the fluorescence decreases upo...

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High-Precision Nanoscale Temperature Sensing Using Single Defects in Diamond

et al. 2013

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“…Despite its vital importance the microscopic behavior of a system is usually not formulated in terms of dissipation because the latter is not a readily measureable quantity on the microscale. Although nanoscale thermometry is gaining much recent interest [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] , the existing thermal imaging methods lack the necessary sensitivity and are unsuitable for low temperature operation required for study of quantum systems. Here we report a superconducting quantum interference nano-thermometer device with sub 50 nm diameter that resides at the apex of a sharp pipette and provides scanning cryogenic thermal sensing with four orders of magnitude improved thermal sensitivity of below 1 µK/Hz 1/2 .…”

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“…The non-contact non-invasive thermometry allows thermal imaging of very low nanoscale energy dissipation down to the fundamental Landauer limit [16][17][18] of 40 fW for continuous readout of a single qubit at 1 GHz at 4.2 K. These advances enable observation of dissipation due to single electron charging of individual quantum dots in carbon nanotubes and reveal a novel dissipation mechanism due to resonant localized states in hBN encapsulated graphene, opening the door to direct imaging of nanoscale dissipation processes in quantum matter. 2 Investigation of energy dissipation on the nanoscale is of major fundamental interest for a wide range of disciplines from biological processes, through chemical reactions, to energy-efficient computing [1][2][3][4][5] . Study of dissipation mechanisms in quantum systems is of particular importance because dissipation demolishes quantum information.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Investigation of energy dissipation on the nanoscale is of major fundamental interest for a wide range of disciplines from biological processes, through chemical reactions, to energy-efficient computing [1][2][3][4][5] . Study of dissipation mechanisms in quantum systems is of particular importance because dissipation demolishes quantum information.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…1). Such signals are several orders of magnitude below the best sensitivity of several mK Hz 1 2 ⁄ ⁄ of any of the existing imaging techniques [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] (Fig. 1a) including radiation-based thermometry utilizing infra-red 6 , fluorescence in nanodiamonds 4,7,8 , Raman 9 , or transmission electron beam 5 , and atomic force microscopy (AFM) outfitted with thermocouple or resistive thermometers [10][11][12][13][14][15] .…”

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Nanoscale thermal imaging of dissipation in quantum systems

Halbertal

Cuppens

Shalom

et al. 2016

Nature

190

175

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Energy dissipation is a fundamental process governing the dynamics of physical, chemical, and biological systems. It is also one of the main characteristics distinguishing quantum and classical phenomena. In condensed matter physics, in particular, scattering mechanisms, loss of quantum information, or breakdown of topological protection are deeply rooted in the intricate details of how and where the dissipation occurs. Despite its vital importance the microscopic behavior of a system is usually not formulated in terms of dissipation because the latter is not a readily measureable quantity on the microscale. Although nanoscale thermometry is gaining much recent interest [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] , the existing thermal imaging methods lack the necessary sensitivity and are unsuitable for low temperature operation required for study of quantum systems. Here we report a superconducting quantum interference nano-thermometer device with sub 50 nm diameter that resides at the apex of a sharp pipette and provides scanning cryogenic thermal sensing with four orders of magnitude improved thermal sensitivity of below 1 µK/Hz 1/2 . The non-contact non-invasive thermometry allows thermal imaging of very low nanoscale energy dissipation down to the fundamental Landauer limit [16][17][18] of 40 fW for continuous readout of a single qubit at 1 GHz at 4.2 K. These advances enable observation of dissipation due to single electron charging of individual quantum dots in carbon nanotubes and reveal a novel dissipation mechanism due to resonant localized states in hBN encapsulated graphene, opening the door to direct imaging of nanoscale dissipation processes in quantum matter. 2 Investigation of energy dissipation on the nanoscale is of major fundamental interest for a wide range of disciplines from biological processes, through chemical reactions, to energy-efficient computing [1][2][3][4][5] . Study of dissipation mechanisms in quantum systems is of particular importance because dissipation demolishes quantum information. In order to preserve a quantum state the dissipation has to be extremely weak and hence hard to measure. As a figure of merit for detection of low power dissipation in quantum systems 16 we consider an ideal qubit operating at a typical readout frequency of 1 GHz. Landauer's principle states the lowest bound on energy dissipation in an irreversible qubit operation to be 0 = B ln 2, where B is Boltzmann's constant and is the temperature 17,18 . At = 4.2 K, 0 = 410 -23 J, several orders of magnitude below 10 -19 J of dissipation per logical operation in present day superconducting electronics and 10 -15 J in CMOS devices 19,20 . Hence the power dissipated by an ideal qubit operating at a readout rate of = 1 GHz will be as low as = 0 = 40.2 fW. The resulting temperature increase of the qubit will depend on its size and the thermal properties of the substrate. For example, a 120 × 120 nm 2 device on a 1 µm thick SiO 2 /Si substrate dissipating 40 fW will heat up by about 3 µK (Fig. 1). Suc...

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Upconversion Nanoparticles in Temperature Sensing and Optical Heating Applications

Shahi¹,

Shyam²

2022

Upconverting Nanoparticles

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Nanoscale thermal probing

Cited by 135 publications

References 99 publications

High-Precision Nanoscale Temperature Sensing Using Single Defects in Diamond

High-Precision Nanoscale Temperature Sensing Using Single Defects in Diamond

Nanoscale thermal imaging of dissipation in quantum systems

Upconversion Nanoparticles in Temperature Sensing and Optical Heating Applications

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