Nanoscale temperature measurements using non-equilibrium Brownian dynamics of a levitated nanosphere

Millen, James; Deesuwan, T; Barker, P. F.; Anders, Janet

doi:10.1038/nnano.2014.82

Cited by 264 publications

(297 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The latter effect could be especially severe in the tight focusing condition found in a deep PM. Recently, the melting of levitated particles by absorption of the trap-laser light was observed in a low-pressure environment [11]. Therein, this effect has been proven to be especially significant for micrometer-sized spheres and much less for nanospheres of 100 nm diameter.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optical trapping of nanoparticles by full solid-angle focusing

Salakhutdinov

Sondermann

Carbone

et al. 2016

Optica

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Optical dipole-traps are used in various scientific fields, including classical optics, quantum optics and biophysics. Here, we propose and implement a dipole-trap for nanoparticles that is based on focusing from the full solid angle with a deep parabolic mirror. The key aspect is the generation of a linear-dipole mode which is predicted to provide a tight trapping potential. We demonstrate the trapping of rod-shaped nanoparticles and validate the trapping frequencies to be on the order of the expected ones. The described realization of an optical trap is applicable for various other kinds of solid-state targets. The obtained results demonstrate the feasibility of optical dipole-traps which simultaneously provide high trap stiffness and allow for efficient interaction of light and matter in free space.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[8,11,29]. The DR particles are dispersed in toluene and diluted to a concentration of about 10 −9 mol/l.…”

Section: Experimental Realizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical trapping of nanoparticles by full solid-angle focusing

Salakhutdinov

Sondermann

Carbone

et al. 2016

Optica

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“…The optomechanical cooling of levitated nanoparticles to the quantum regime has been the subject of several recent theoretical [18][19][20][21][22] and experimental [16,[23][24][25][26] studies, due to their isolation from environmental decoherence. While there has been success cooling nanoparticles with active feedback [23,24], passive cavity cooling has been hindered by particle loss processes which prevented optical trapping below a few mBar [22,26,27]. This "bottleneck" was overcome in [16] via the use of a hybrid electro-optical trap, and the subsequent improvements presented in this paper allow cooling to temperatures three orders of magnitude lower than previously reported [16,25,26].…”

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confidence: 84%

Nonlinear Dynamics and Strong Cavity Cooling of Levitated Nanoparticles

et al. 2016

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Optomechanical systems explore and exploit the coupling between light and the mechanical motion of matter. A nonlinear coupling offers access to rich new physics, in both the quantum and classical regimes. We investigate a dynamic, as opposed to the usually studied static, nonlinear optomechanical system, comprising of a nanosphere levitated and cooled in a hybrid electro-optical trap. An optical cavity offers readout of both linear-in-position and quadratic-in-position (nonlinear) light-matter coupling, whilst simultaneously cooling the nanosphere to millikelvin temperatures for indefinite periods of time in high vacuum. We observe cooling of the linear and non-linear motion, leading to a 10 5 fold reduction in phonon number np, attaining final occupancies of np = 100 − 1000. This work puts cavity cooling of a levitated object to the quantum ground-state firmly within reach.Cavity optomechanics, the cooling and coherent manipulation of mechanical oscillators using optical cavities, has undergone rapid progress in recent years [1], with many experimental milestones realized. These include cooling to the quantum level [2,3], optomechanically induced transparency (OMIT) [4], and the transduction [5][6][7] and squeezing [8] of light. These important processes are due to a linear light-matter interaction; linear in both the position of the oscillatorx and the amplitude of the optical fieldâ.Nonlinear optomechanical interactions open up a new range of applications which are so far largely unexplored. In principle, they allow quantum nondemolition (QND) measurements of energy and thus the possibility of monitoring quantum jumps in a macroscopic system [1,9]. They also offer the prospect of observing phonon quantum shot noise [10], nonlinear OMIT [11,12], and the preparation of macroscopic nonclassical states [13]. To achieve a nonlinear interaction one can use optical means, which require strong single-photon coupling to the mechanical system [11,12] but are a considerable experimental challenge. Nonlinearities can also arise from spatial, mechanical effects, by engineering, for example, a light-matter interaction of the form (â+â † )(G 1x +G 2x 2 ). Previous studies investigated the static shift in the cavity resonant frequency [9,14,15] or the quadratic optical spring effect [15] arising from a nonlinear coupling. However, these studies identified the problem of a residual linear G 1 contribution to the coupling. Not only can G 1 allow unwanted back-action, but a large G 2 1 contribution (e.g. [14]) can mask the signatures of true nonlinear G 2 coupling.In this work, we study a nanosphere levitated in a hybrid system formed from a Paul trap and an optical cavity [16] as shown in fig 1. The output of the cavity is used to access the linear and nonlinear dynamics of the particle. We are able to tune the G 1 : G 2 ratio to reach G 2 G 1 , isolating the true nonlinear dynamics. Further, due to the dynamic nature of this experiment, we are able to observe the cooling, in time, of the nonlinear contribution to motion. To ...

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“…(20) or (25) to devise state reconstruction methods. Speci cally, the method, which we have investigated experimentally in this paper, is to consider a single system and continuously measure the quadratureẑ t i at di erent times t i .…”

Section: Description Of Detection Schemesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wigner Function Reconstruction in Levitated Optomechanics

Rashid¹,

Toroš²

2017

Quantum Measurements and Quantum Metrology

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Abstract:We demonstrate the reconstruction of the Wigner function from marginal distributions of the motion of a single trapped particle using homodyne detection. We show that it is possible to generate quantum states of levitated optomechanical systems even under the e ect of continuous measurement by the trapping laser light. We describe the opto-mechanical coupling for the case of the particle trapped by a free-space focused laser beam, explicitly for the case without an optical cavity. We use the scheme to reconstruct the Wigner function of experimental data in perfect agreement with the expected Gaussian distribution of a thermal state of motion. This opens a route for quantum state preparation in levitated optomechanics.

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Nanoscale temperature measurements using non-equilibrium Brownian dynamics of a levitated nanosphere

Cited by 264 publications

References 34 publications

Optical trapping of nanoparticles by full solid-angle focusing

Optical trapping of nanoparticles by full solid-angle focusing

Nonlinear Dynamics and Strong Cavity Cooling of Levitated Nanoparticles

Wigner Function Reconstruction in Levitated Optomechanics

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