Nanoscale Pipetting for Controlled Chemistry in Small Arrayed Water Droplets Using a Double-Barrel Pipet

Rodolfa, Kit T.; Bruckbauer, Andreas; Zhou, Dejian; Schevchuk, Andrew I.; Korchev, Yuri E.; Klenerman, David

doi:10.1021/nl052215i

Cited by 85 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(44 reference statements)

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“…An ion current flowed through a liquid meniscus at the end of the pipette, and once surface contact was made, a modulation in the ion current was established due to a modulation in resistance (53,54). This technique was operated either in air or under an immiscible organic solution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scanning Electrochemical Cell Microscopy: A Versatile Technique for Nanoscale Electrochemistry and Functional Imaging

Ebejer

Güell²,

Lai³

et al. 2013

Annual Rev. Anal. Chem.

295

382

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■ Abstract Scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) is a new pipette-based imaging techniquepurposely designed to allow simultaneous electrochemical, conductance, and topographical visualization of surfaces and interfaces. SECCM uses a tiny meniscus or droplet, confined between the probe and the surface, for high-resolution functional imaging and nanoscale electrochemical measurements. Here we introduce this technique and provide an overview of its principles, instrumentation, and theory. We discuss the power of SECCM in resolving complex structure-activity problems and provide considerable new information on electrode processes by referring to key example systems, including graphene, graphite, carbon nanotubes, nanoparticles, and conducting diamond. The many longstanding questions that SECCM has been able to answer during its short existence demonstrate its potential to become a major technique in electrochemistry and interfacial science.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scanning Electrochemical Cell Microscopy: A Versatile Technique for Nanoscale Electrochemistry and Functional Imaging

Ebejer

Güell²,

Lai³

et al. 2013

Annual Rev. Anal. Chem.

295

382

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“…20 In this approach, a tapered theta pipet filled with electrolyte solution serves as the probe and the ion current measured between the quasi-reference counter electrodes (QRCEs), one in each of the two barrels, provides a feedback signal for positioning the probe close to the surface, making it possible to maintain a constant probesurface distance irrespective of the surface topography. 17 This type of technique has been employed to deposit biomolecules 21 and reagents on surfaces 22,23 and for simultaneous electrochemical and topography imaging of surfaces in aqueous 17,24,25 and non-aqueous environments. 5 In droplet-based techniques the sample surface wetted by the meniscus can be an insulator or, if a (semi)conductor, can act as a working electrode where the electrochemical activity can be measured.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quad-Barrel Multifunctional Electrochemical and Ion Conductance Probe for Voltammetric Analysis and Imaging

et al. 2015

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(2015) QuadBarrel multifunctional electrochemical and ion conductance probe for voltammetric analysis and imaging. Analytical Chemistry, Volume 87 (Number 7). pp. 3566-3573. Permanent WRAP url: http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/67813 Copyright and reuse:The Warwick Research Archive Portal (WRAP) makes this work of researchers of the University of Warwick available open access under the following conditions. Copyright © and all moral rights to the version of the paper presented here belong to the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. To the extent reasonable and practicable the material made available in WRAP has been checked for eligibility before being made available.Copies of full items can be used for personal research or study, educational, or not-forprofit purposes without prior permission or charge. Provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. Publisher's statement:This document is the Accepted Manuscript version of a Published Work that appeared in final form in Analytical Chemistry, copyright © American Chemical Society after peer review and technical editing by the publisher. To access the final edited and published work, see http://pubs.acs.org/page/policy/articlesonrequest/index.html] The version presented here may differ from the published version or, version of record, if you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher's version. Please see the 'permanent WRAP url' above for details on accessing the published version and note that access may require a subscription. ABSTRACTThe fabrication and use of a multifunctional electrochemical probe incorporating two independent carbon working electrodes and two electrolyte-filled barrels, equipped with quasi-reference counter electrodes (QRCEs), in the end of a tapered micron-scale pipet is described. This 'quad-probe' (4-channel probe) was fabricated by depositing carbon pyrolytically into two diagonally opposite barrels of a laser-pulled quartz quadruple-barrelled pipet. After filling the open channels with electrolyte solution, a meniscus forms at the end of the probe and covers the two working electrodes. The two carbon electrodes can be used to drive local electrochemical reactions within the meniscus while a bias between the QRCEs in the electrolyte channels provides an ion conductance signal that is used to control and position the meniscus on a surface of interest. When brought into contact with a surface, localized high resolution amperometric imaging can be achieved with the two carbon working electrodes with a spatial resolution defined by the meniscus contact area. The substrate can be an insulating material or (semi)conductor, but herein we focus mainly on conducting substrates that can be connected as a third working electrode. Studies using both aqueous and ionic liquid electrolytes in the probe, together with gold and individual single walled carbon nanotube samples, demonstrate...

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“…By pulling a single glass capillary, one can easily and cost-effectively create a pair of nanopipettes that can be used for molecular deposition onto a solid surface (1,2), for delivery to the surface of a single cell (3) and its inner compartments (4,5), or for biomolecular sensing as described hereafter. These applications can be optimized by an enhanced understanding of the physical and chemical interactions at the pore region, which has been a subject of theoretical studies (6).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Label-free biosensing with functionalized nanopipette probes

Umehara

Karhánek

Davis

et al. 2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

155

148

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Nanopipette technology can uniquely identify biomolecules such as proteins based on differences in size, shape, and electrical charge. These differences are determined by the detection of changes in ionic current as the proteins interact with the nanopipette tip coated with probe molecules. Here we show that electrostatic, biotin-streptavidin, and antibody-antigen interactions on the nanopipette tip surface affect ionic current flowing through a 50-nm pore. Highly charged polymers interacting with the glass surface modulated the rectification property of the nanopipette electrode. Affinity-based binding between the probes tethered to the surface and their target proteins caused a change in the ionic current due to a partial blockade or an altered surface charge. These findings suggest that nanopipettes functionalized with appropriate molecular recognition elements can be used as nanosensors in biomedical and biological research.biomolecules ͉ biosensor ͉ immunoassay ͉ current rectification ͉ nanopore N anopipettes, characterized by the submicron to nanoscale size of the pore at the tip, are of great interest because of their unique physicochemical properties and potential for various biomedical and biological applications. By pulling a single glass capillary, one can easily and cost-effectively create a pair of nanopipettes that can be used for molecular deposition onto a solid surface (1, 2), for delivery to the surface of a single cell (3) and its inner compartments (4, 5), or for biomolecular sensing as described hereafter. These applications can be optimized by an enhanced understanding of the physical and chemical interactions at the pore region, which has been a subject of theoretical studies (6). Advances in both technical and theoretical fronts will further demonstrate the utility of nanopipettebased devices for many purposes.Biomolecule sensing with a nanopipette probe has been performed with and without the aid of optical methods. Fluorescence-based pH sensing (7) shows the submicron spatial resolution and millisecond time resolution of such sensors. Fully-electrical detection of DNA-conjugated gold nanoparticles (8) uses resistive pulses caused by the translocation of fairly large (10 nm) particles, the underlying principle identical to that of nanopore biosensors (9) and DNA sequencers (10). Unlike other nanostructure-based chemical sensors (11), which often require access to semiconductor facilities, nanopipette biosensors can be created and tailored at the bench, thereby reducing turnaround time. Nanopipettes also have enormous potential for detecting a small number of molecules from a tiny amount of clinical samples or live single cells, a feature useful for medical diagnostics and molecular and cellular biology research.A key challenge for nanopipette biosensors is adapting to applications where specific molecules can be targeted. One approach would be to separate the sensing and actuating functions, an idea embodied by an engineered ion channel fused with a surface receptor protein responsible f...

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Nanoscale Pipetting for Controlled Chemistry in Small Arrayed Water Droplets Using a Double-Barrel Pipet

Cited by 85 publications

References 30 publications

Scanning Electrochemical Cell Microscopy: A Versatile Technique for Nanoscale Electrochemistry and Functional Imaging

Scanning Electrochemical Cell Microscopy: A Versatile Technique for Nanoscale Electrochemistry and Functional Imaging

Quad-Barrel Multifunctional Electrochemical and Ion Conductance Probe for Voltammetric Analysis and Imaging

Label-free biosensing with functionalized nanopipette probes

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