Nanoscale imaging of the full strain tensor of specific dislocations extracted from a bulk sample

Hofmann, Felix; Phillips, Nicholas; Das, Suchandrima; Karamched, Phani; Hughes, Gordon; Douglas, James O.; Cha, Wonsuk; Liu, Wenjun

doi:10.1103/physrevmaterials.4.013801

Cited by 42 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 126 publications

(162 reference statements)

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“…The strain sensitivity is of the order of~2 × 10 −4 due to the strong sensitivity of X-rays to the crystal lattice spacing. Such a strain sensitivity is nowadays routinely achieved using BraggCDI methods as reported by [28][29][30][31] . It is most pronounced at edges {110} and corner sites {111}, in the case of the gold cube.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-dimensional strain dynamics govern the hysteresis in heterogeneous catalysis

et al. 2020

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Understanding catalysts strain dynamic behaviours is crucial for the development of cost-effective, efficient, stable and long-lasting catalysts. Here, we reveal in situ three-dimensional strain evolution of single gold nanocrystals during a catalytic CO oxidation reaction under operando conditions with coherent X-ray diffractive imaging. We report direct observation of anisotropic strain dynamics at the nanoscale, where identically crystallographically-oriented facets are qualitatively differently affected by strain leading to preferential active sites formation. Interestingly, the single nanoparticle elastic energy landscape, which we map with attojoule precision, depends on heating versus cooling cycles. The hysteresis observed at the single particle level is following the normal/inverse hysteresis loops of the catalytic performances. This approach opens a powerful avenue for studying, at the single particle level, catalytic nanomaterials and deactivation processes under operando conditions that will enable profound insights into nanoscale catalytic mechanisms.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-dimensional strain dynamics govern the hysteresis in heterogeneous catalysis

et al. 2020

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“…Hofmann et al report on monochromatic Bragg coherent diffraction imaging (BCDI) to characterize dislocations in Si. [112] The procedure is basically identical to X-ray topography, but now on a nanoscale. As additional results not only the Burger vectors, but also the signs can be identified and-the most innovativethe full 3D strain tensor of individual dislocations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

X‐Ray Topography—More than Nice Pictures

Danilewsky

2020

Crystal Research and Technology

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X‐ray topography—a well‐known diffraction imaging method—is widely used for the characterization of extended crystal defects like dislocations. Herein, the progress toward the quantification besides the number and nature of dislocations is given. The diffracted images include additional information about tilt and strain, which can be measured in real‐time, thanks to the improved digital detection systems. This allows not only the fast mapping of huge samples like 450 mm diameter Si wafers, the in situ observation of the dislocation, or crack dynamics at high temperatures, but also the stress analysis in electronic devices in operando. In addition to typical white X‐ray beam methods like stacks of section topographs, the monochromatic diffraction laminography allows a 3D representation of the dislocation arrays. The merits and limitations of X‐ray topography are demonstrated by semiconductor materials as an example.

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“…8, where slices are taken at the center of each of the 3D reconstructions. Each slice depicts the different crystal strain components " ij of the strain tensor (Hofmann et al, 2020). The reconstructed slices show in general the presence of small strain fields inside the crystal on the order of 10 À4 , except in the case of the " yy component, for which the bottom part of the Au particle reaches values up to 8 Â 10 À4 .…”

Section: Calculation Of the Strain Tensormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For well faceted nanocrystals and when either the Miller indices of a measured reflection or the growth direction of the crystals is known in advance, it is shown that the orientation can be inferred by spinning the crystal until multiple reflections light up and indexing the pole figure using texture analysis algorithms (Richard et al, 2018). Other strategies for collecting multi-reflection BCDI data include obtaining important information about the crystallographic orientation of an isolated specimen before a BCDI experiment from other techniques, either scanning extensive volumes of reciprocal space until a reflection is found or by performing Laue diffraction beforehand at a different instrument (Newton et al, 2009;Hofmann et al, 2017Hofmann et al, , 2020.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combining Laue diffraction with Bragg coherent diffraction imaging at 34-ID-C

et al. 2020

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Measurement modalities in Bragg coherent diffraction imaging (BCDI) rely on finding a signal from a single nanoscale crystal object which satisfies the Bragg condition among a large number of arbitrarily oriented nanocrystals. However, even when the signal from a single Bragg reflection with (hkl) Miller indices is found, the crystallographic axes on the retrieved three-dimensional (3D) image of the crystal remain unknown, and thus localizing in reciprocal space other Bragg reflections becomes time-consuming or requires good knowledge of the orientation of the crystal. Here, the commissioning of a movable double-bounce Si (111) monochromator at the 34-ID-C endstation of the Advanced Photon Source is reported, which aims at delivering multi-reflection BCDI as a standard tool in a single beamline instrument. The new instrument enables, through rapid switching from monochromatic to broadband (pink) beam, the use of Laue diffraction to determine crystal orientation. With a proper orientation matrix determined for the lattice, one can measure coherent diffraction patterns near multiple Bragg peaks, thus providing sufficient information to image the full strain tensor in 3D. The design, concept of operation, the developed procedures for indexing Laue patterns, and automated measuring of Bragg coherent diffraction data from multiple reflections of the same nanocrystal are discussed.

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Nanoscale imaging of the full strain tensor of specific dislocations extracted from a bulk sample

Cited by 42 publications

References 126 publications

Three-dimensional strain dynamics govern the hysteresis in heterogeneous catalysis

Three-dimensional strain dynamics govern the hysteresis in heterogeneous catalysis

X‐Ray Topography—More than Nice Pictures

Combining Laue diffraction with Bragg coherent diffraction imaging at 34-ID-C

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