Nanoscale Electrochemistry

Schuster, Rolf; Kirchner, Viola; Xia, Xing‐Hua; Bittner, Alexander M.; Ertl, G.

doi:10.1103/physrevlett.80.5599

Cited by 75 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The electrochemical micromachining method is considered to be hopeful and environmentally friendly due to its mild working conditions, low cost and easy controllability. This includes several new methods, such as electro-micromachining using ultra-short pulses [1][2][3] , proposed by Schuster et al; a localized etching [4][5][6][7] or deposition method [8][9][10] using a SECM (scanning electrochemical microscope), proposed by Fan and Bard; electrochemical scanning probe lithography (SPL) methods; [11][12][13][14] and an electrochemical dissolution technique, named by Landolt and Chauvy as "electrochemical micromachining method" (EMM). [15][16][17] Although these methods have been well studied in the laboratory, most of them are still far from batch production due to their low efficiency in the batch process.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Microfabrication of a Diffractive Microlens Array on n‐GaAs by an Efficient Electrochemical Method

Zhang

Zhuang

et al. 2007

Advanced Materials

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Microfabrication of a Diffractive Microlens Array on n‐GaAs by an Efficient Electrochemical Method

Zhang

Zhuang

et al. 2007

Advanced Materials

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“…The interruption of the imaging mode took only about 3 ms and did not interfere with the scanning of the tip, since in the fast scan direction the recording of a single line of the STM image took 180 ms. The stationary potentials of the Au sample and the STM tip were controlled by a bipotentiostat versus a Ag=AgCl reference electrode (for further details, see [7]). Evaporated Au films on glass were used as samples, which were cyclically rinsed with distilled water (Millipore Q) and flame annealed several times to obtain single crystalline Au(111) terraces extending up to several 100 nm.…”

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confidence: 99%

Two-Dimensional Nanoscale Self-Assembly on a Gold Surface by Spinodal Decomposition

et al. 2003

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The structure formation upon spinodal decomposition of a two-dimensional model system, a Au adatom gas on a Au(111) surface, was observed in situ by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). A thermodynamically unstable state was prepared by applying microsecond voltage pulses to the STM tip in an electrochemical system, causing the random dissolution of Au atoms from the uppermost monolayer. Interconnected, labyrinthine island patterns were formed at Au coverages between 0.4 and 0.9 monolayer with dominating length scales m of the order of a few nanometers. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.066101 PACS numbers: 64.75.+g, 05.70.-a, 68.37.Ef, 82.45.Qr The evolution of structure out of a homogeneous system undergoing phase separation is a common phenomenon, encountered upon the condensation of water droplets in clouds [1] as well as upon metal deposition on surfaces [2]. From experience such first order phase transitions are mostly governed by the formation of compact shapes with minimized phase boundary energy, as a consequence of the formation of stable nuclei and their subsequent growth. However, as already pointed out by Gibbs, upon penetrating deeply enough into the coexistence region, the activation barrier against the formation of stable nuclei vanishes and the system becomes unstable. Because of the absence of any activation barrier the instantaneous, i.e., spinodal, decomposition of the system proceeds very fast, with density fluctuations of a certain wavelength growing exponentially with time [3]. This wavelength is determined solely by the thermodynamic properties of the system [4]. When the volume fractions of the phases of the heterogeneous system are close to 50%, labyrinthine interconnected patterns evolve, distinctively different from the morphologies expected upon nucleation and growth.In this Letter we demonstrate how the thermodynamic stability of a surface system can be employed to steer the morphology of resulting patterns from growth of compact islands to labyrinthine interconnected structures on the nanoscale. Phase transitions in a two-dimensional (2D) model system, a gas of Au adatoms on a Au(111) surface, are induced by electrochemical, randomly distributed dissolution of Au atoms out of the topmost layer of a single crystal surface. This process occurs during a voltage pulse of only microsecond duration applied to the tip of an electrochemical scanning tunneling microscope (STM) facing the sample surface. This period is short enough to avoid significant diffusion and ordering already during the change of the state of the system. The resulting atomic-scale morphology is then imaged in situ by STM. The simplicity of the system justifies its description by a 2D lattice gas model with pairwise nearest neighbor interactions. Therefore, the system comes close to the models considered in the very first theoretical treatments of spinodal decomposition by Cahn and Hilliard [4,5] and the evolving structures can be directly compared to the theoretical predictions, derived explicitly for lattice model syst...

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“…Originally, the research was carried on a scanning tunneling microscope platform [39], using-as a electrode tool-the tip of the microscope. The obtained results gave possibility to develop fundamentals of ultrashort pulse electrochemical machining technology [6, 16, 18-20, 23, 24, 40].…”

Section: The Physical Principle Of (Ns-pecm)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Discussion of ultrashort voltage pulses electrochemical micromachining: a review

Skoczypiec

2016

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

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One of the most effective way of electrochemical machining (ECM) accuracy increase is to carry out process with application of voltage pulses. In one of the variants of ECM, ultra short (nono-or picosecond range) voltage pulses are applied. It gives possibility to achieve high localization of electrochemical dissolution process and allows to machine microparts with accuracy less than 0.01 mm. However, because of the process principles, this variant of ECM has number of limitations which stop its wider application in micromanufacturing industry. Based on the literature review, the physical principles of ultrashort voltage pulses electrochemical machining were presented and anodic dissolution localization issues were discussed. Also, differences between other electrochemical machining variants were underlined. It gave possibility to identify limitations and future perspectives of industrial applications.

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Nanoscale Electrochemistry

Cited by 75 publications

References 23 publications

Microfabrication of a Diffractive Microlens Array on n‐GaAs by an Efficient Electrochemical Method

Microfabrication of a Diffractive Microlens Array on n‐GaAs by an Efficient Electrochemical Method

Two-Dimensional Nanoscale Self-Assembly on a Gold Surface by Spinodal Decomposition

Discussion of ultrashort voltage pulses electrochemical micromachining: a review

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