Nanoscale characterisation of grain boundary oxidation in cold-worked stainless steels

Effect of grain size on the oxidation of Fe–13Cr–5Ni alloy at 973K in Ar–21vol%O2

“…In addition, strong nickel enrichment is clearly visible at the alloy/oxide interface due to the oxidation of chromium and iron of the two kinds of alloys. This was also experimentally observed by Kruska et al [19] in a 304 stainless steel.…”

Atom probe tomography of stress corrosion crack tips in SUS316 stainless steels

“…It should be noted that deformed specimens containing cracks filled with oxides are known to be susceptible to fracture during the atom probe analysis [10,29,37]. The implantation of Ga + ions during the specimen preparation can cause additional lattice defects, which make the needle even more brittle and prone to fracture.…”

“…These limitations can be overcome by atom probe tomography (APT), which has been previously applied in studies of grain boundary oxidation and segregation and allows the generation of 3D maps of atomic structures with near-atomic resolution [10][11][12][13].…”

Grain Boundary in Oxide Scale During High-Temperature Metal Processing

“…Recently, coupled transmission electron microscope (TEM)/APT surface and grain boundary oxide compositions were identified, and Ni enrichment was observed around the oxides. The data provide novel information on the role of the minor impurities and the formation of early-stage oxides in 304 stainless steel [24]. However, copper diffusion along grain boundaries is not the main mechanism in this case.…”

“…Grain boundaries of oxides can be low-field areas of the APT specimen and then can readily be identified [34]. A combined use of TEM and APT can be used to quantify grain boundary segregation and has been applied to the case of carbon GB segregation in ferrite [24] and intergranular oxidation of a Ni-4Al alloy [35].…”