Nanoreactors: Small Spaces, Big Implications in Chemistry

Petrosko, Sarah Hurst; Johnson, Robert P.; White, Henry S.; Mirkin, Chad A.

doi:10.1021/jacs.6b05393

Cited by 154 publications

(139 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The recent development of nanoscience has presented opportunities to construct artificial nanocatalysts—nanoscale objects usually incorporating various chemical and biological materials—to enhance or create processes not possible in bulk solutions . Various nanocatalysts prepared from metallic nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, and polymers together with proteins as well as inorganic frameworks have been reported for catalytic reactions . Some of the most attractive nanocatalysts have been created with enzymes—natural and very effective biocatalysts present in nature .…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Wiring Gold Nanoparticles and Redox Enzymes: A Self‐Sufficient Nanocatalyst for the Direct Oxidation of Carbohydrates with Molecular Oxygen

et al. 2018

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The development of artificial nanocatalysts, especially those incorporating the highly active biocatalysts (enzymes) present in nature, is a rapidly developing field in nanocatalysis and nanomaterials science. Dehydrogenases are exceptionally attractive, as they catalyze the oxidation of various cheap/common substrates to more expensive and desired products. However, their use in sustainable catalysis and/or their incorporation in advanced nanomaterials with catalytic functions are limited owing to one immense problem that can be formulated as a question: how can the electrons received from the oxidized substrate be removed? Here, a solution to this problem is demonstrated: we designed a unique nanomaterial composed of two redox enzymes (nonspecific glucose dehydrogenase and oxygen‐reducing laccase) and gold nanoparticles. Both enzymes were wired through the gold nanoparticles (10 nm) and direct electrochemical “communication” was achieved, allowing electron transfer from the redox center of glucose dehydrogenase to a copper center of laccase. As a result, self‐sufficient nanocatalysts were synthesized and shown to oxidize various carbohydrates directly with molecular oxygen.

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Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Wiring Gold Nanoparticles and Redox Enzymes: A Self‐Sufficient Nanocatalyst for the Direct Oxidation of Carbohydrates with Molecular Oxygen

et al. 2018

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nanoreactors are nano size matrices, confining discrete chemical reactions from the surrounding bulk media 16–18 . These nanosized containers are either synthetically produced (for instance, nano porous, tubular and hollow nanomaterials with various geometries and diameters) or they are inherently composed of nano pores and channels (for instance, proteins, lipids and zeolites, etc) 16–20 . This confinement offers the control of a chemical reaction to make a particular product such as a new class of nanomaterials and/or gains a new insight into fundamental basics of physics and chemistry of the material 16,19 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three dimensional metal/N-doped nanoplate carbon catalysts for oxygen reduction, the reason for using a layered nanoreactor

Ghotbi

Javanmard

Soleimani

2018

Sci Rep

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A layered nanoreactor (zinc hydroxide gallate/nitrate nanohybrid) has been designed as a nano-vessel to confine the gallate/nitrate reaction inside zinc hydroxide layers for production of metal/nitrogen-doped carbon catalysts. Metals (Fe2+, Co2+ and Ni2+) doped and bare zinc hydroxide nitrates (ZHN) were synthesized as the α-phase hydroxide hosts. By an incomplete ion-exchange process, nitrate anions between the layers of the hosts were then partially replaced by the gallate anions to produce the layered nanoreactors. Under heat-treatment, the reaction between the remaining un-exchanged nitrate anions and the organic moiety inside the basal spacing of each nanohybrid plate resulted in obtaining highly porous 3D metal/nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheets. These catalysts were then used as extremely efficient electrocatalysts for catalyzing oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). This study is intended to show the way to get maximum electrocatalytic activity of the metal/N-doped carbon catalysts toward the ORR. This exceptionally high ORR performance originates from the increased available surface, the best pore size range and the uniform distribution of the active sites in the produced catalysts, all provided by the use of new idea of the layered nanoreactor.

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“…The highly confined space of nanopore changes the basic chemical nature of molecules and affects their behavior in the reactions . Therefore, it is of great importance to investigate the reactions/interactions at the single‐molecule level in nanopore confinement.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single‐Molecule Sensing with Nanopore Confinement: From Chemical Reactions to Biological Interactions

Yao

Ying

Gao

et al. 2018

Chemistry A European J

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The nanopore can generate an electrochemical confinement for single-molecule sensing that help understand the fundamental chemical principle in nanoscale dimensions. By observing the generated ionic current, individual bond-making and bond-breaking steps, single biomolecule dynamic conformational changes and electron transfer processes that occur within pore can be monitored with high temporal and current resolution. These single-molecule studies in nanopore confinement are revealing information about the fundamental chemical and biological processes that cannot be extracted from ensemble measurements. In this Concept article, we introduce and discuss the electrochemical confinement effects on single-molecule covalent reactions, conformational dynamics of individual molecules and host-guest interactions in protein nanopores. Then, we extend the concept of nanopore confinement effects to confine electrochemical redox reactions in solid-state nanopores for developing new sensing mechanisms.

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Nanoreactors: Small Spaces, Big Implications in Chemistry

Cited by 154 publications

References 20 publications

Wiring Gold Nanoparticles and Redox Enzymes: A Self‐Sufficient Nanocatalyst for the Direct Oxidation of Carbohydrates with Molecular Oxygen

Wiring Gold Nanoparticles and Redox Enzymes: A Self‐Sufficient Nanocatalyst for the Direct Oxidation of Carbohydrates with Molecular Oxygen

Three dimensional metal/N-doped nanoplate carbon catalysts for oxygen reduction, the reason for using a layered nanoreactor

Single‐Molecule Sensing with Nanopore Confinement: From Chemical Reactions to Biological Interactions

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