Nanopositioning of a diamond nanocrystal containing a single nitrogen-vacancy defect center

Sar, Toeno van der; Heeres, Erwin C; Dmochowski, Greg; Lange, G. de; Robledo, Lucio; Oosterkamp, Tjerk H.; Hanson, Ronald K.

doi:10.1063/1.3120558

Cited by 82 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…This scheme could be potentially applied for magnetic resonance force microscopy [13] and other signals such as transitions in nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers [49,50]. The system can be readily functionalised, for example via the use of nanomanipulators [51] or using a scanning atomic force microscope [52,53]. Finally, the integrated system is a promising candidate for experiments in optomechanics [36] due to its high QM, potential of cryogenic implementation and applicability to feedback cooling methods that do not require the resolved sideband regime for ground state cooling [44].…”

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confidence: 99%

A hybrid on-chip optomechanical transducer for ultrasensitive force measurements

2012

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Nanomechanical oscillators have been employed as transducers to measure force, mass and charge with high sensitivity. They are also used in opto-or electromechanical experiments with the goal of quantum control and phenomena of mechanical systems. Here, we report the realization and operation of a hybrid monolithically integrated transducer system consisting of a high-Q nanomechanical oscillator with modes in the MHz regime coupled to the near-field of a high-Q optical whispering-gallery-mode microresonator. The transducer system enables a sensitive resolution of the nanomechanical beam's thermal motion with a signal-to-noise of five orders of magnitude and has a force sensitivity of 74 aN Hz −1/2 at room temperature. We show, both theoretically and experimentally, that the sensitivity of continuous incoherent force detection improves only with the fourth root of the averaging time. Using dissipative feedback based on radiation pressure enabled control, we explicitly demonstrate by detecting a weak incoherent force that this constraint can be significantly relaxed. We achieve a more than 30-fold reduction in averaging time with our hybrid transducer and are able to detect an incoherent force having a force spectral density as small as 15 aN Hz −1/2 within 35 s of averaging. This corresponds to a signal which is 25 times smaller than the thermal noise and would otherwise remain out of reach. The reported monolithic platform is an enabling step towards hybrid nanomechanical transducers relying on the light-mechanics interface. Nanomechanical oscillators [1] serve as ultrasensitive detectors of force [2], mass [3] and charge [4]. Recently, increasing efforts have been devoted to sensitively detect the nanomechanical motion of these oscillators [5][6][7][8] with recent systems exhibiting a sensitivity below that at the standard quantum limit (SQL) [9,10]. For sensitive force detection the requirements on displacement sensitivity are less stringent, though, because of the thermal limit. Recent work has demonstrated that trapped ions have also the potential to be employed as sensitive transducers for ultrasmall forces [11,12], with the force sensitivity reaching levels of only 5 yN Hz −1/2 [12]. While being a promising approach to detect specific small forces, it presently suffers from challenging technology required for ion trap experiments, stable interaction times being only in the millisecond range [11] and a lack of field-deployable sensors. In contrast, cantilever-based sensing is a well-established technique that allowed remarkable achievements such as the detection of single spins [13] and the reconstruction of the structure of a virus [14], and it is increasingly used in the emerging field of biosensing [15]. A particularly promising approach is to parametrically couple a nanomechanical oscillator to a microwave [9,16] or optical [17] microcavity, thus enhancing the displacement sensitivity and allowing to efficiently resolve the motion of cantilevers with dimensions below the diffraction limit. Previous real...

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A hybrid on-chip optomechanical transducer for ultrasensitive force measurements

2012

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“…6). The positioning was done under real-time scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging using our recently developed nanomanipulation technique [15,16].…”

Section: Measurement Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of a nanoparticle on the optical properties of a photonic crystal cavity: theory and experiment

et al. 2012

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Single quantum emitters can be coupled to photonic crystal (PC) cavities by placing their host nanoparticles into the cavity field. We describe fabrication, characterization, and tuning of gallium-phosphide PC cavities that resonate in the visible, and simulations and measurements of the effect of a nanoparticle on the optical properties of these cavities. Simulations show that introducing a 50 nm (100 nm) sized nanoparticle into S1 and L3-type cavities, with original quality factors of 18 · 10 3 and 73 · 10 3 , respectively, reduces the quality factor by <10% (∼50%). Furthermore, simulations indicate that an emitter embedded in a 50 nm (100 nm) sized nanoparticle can be coupled 3.5 (9) times more effectively to an S1 cavity than to an L3 cavity. We employ a nanopositioning technique to position individual, 50 nm sized nanocrystals into S1 cavities, and find that the quality factors are reduced by a factor of 0.9 0.1 from the original values of order 10 3 .

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“…In contrast, diamond nanocrystals containing single defect centers can be coupled to photonic nanostructures to build hybrid quantum systems in a bottom-up approach. For positioning the nanocrystals with nanometer precision a scanning electron microscope (SEM) with a manipulator 12,13 or a scanning atomic force microscope (AFM) [14][15][16] have been used to date.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A scanning probe-based pick-and-place procedure for assembly of integrated quantum optical hybrid devices

Schell

Kewes

Schröder

et al. 2011

Review of Scientific Instruments

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Integrated quantum optical hybrid devices consist of fundamental constituents such as single emitters and tailored photonic nanostructures. A reliable fabrication method requires the controlled deposition of active nanoparticles on arbitrary nanostructures with highest precision. Here, we describe an easily adaptable technique that employs picking and placing of nanoparticles with an atomic force microscope combined with a confocal setup. In this way, both the topography and the optical response can be monitored simultaneously before and after the assembly. The technique can be applied to arbitrary particles. Here, we focus on nanodiamonds containing single nitrogen vacancy centers, which are particularly interesting for quantum optical experiments on the single photon and single emitter level.

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Nanopositioning of a diamond nanocrystal containing a single nitrogen-vacancy defect center

Cited by 82 publications

References 26 publications

A hybrid on-chip optomechanical transducer for ultrasensitive force measurements

A hybrid on-chip optomechanical transducer for ultrasensitive force measurements

Effect of a nanoparticle on the optical properties of a photonic crystal cavity: theory and experiment

A scanning probe-based pick-and-place procedure for assembly of integrated quantum optical hybrid devices

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