“…In most cases, hierarchical structures used to form microbial anodes are based on the association of a macro-porous structure, which corresponds to the types of structure dealt with in this review, and a nano-structure, which can be obtained in various ways, including by using carbon nanotubes (Zhao et al, 2011;Flexer et al 2013) or nano-porous graphene (Qiao et al, 2014). These nano-structures can promote bacterial attachment and extracellular electron transfer (Flexer et al, 2013;Yuan et al, 2019), offer a large active area for mediator reduction (Wu et al, 2018), and even promote microbial growth with great excretion of electron mediators (Zou et al, 2017) but, at the level of microbial cells, they should be considered as surface functionalization (Zou et al 2017;Yuan et al, 2019) or surface structuring (Zou et al, 2017) rather than porosity. Hierarchical porous structures are promising electrode architectures, at the crossroads of cell-level porosity and nano-structured surfaces.…”