Nanoporous germanium as high-capacity lithium-ion battery anode

Liu, Shuai; Feng, Jinkui; Bian, Xiufang; Qian, Yitai; Liu, Jie; Xu, Hui

doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2015.03.039

Cited by 134 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…The fabrication of 3D porous M materials can be divided to two strategies, including top‐down and bottom‐up methods. Generally, the top‐down method employs bulk‐sized M‐based materials as the starting precursors to prepare 3D porous structures by electroless or electrochemical etching techniques . By controlling the etching processes, the obtained porous structures can be tuned to realize appropriate pore size and porosity.…”

Section: Reasonable Structure Design Of Si‐ Ge‐ and Sn‐based Anode mentioning

confidence: 99%

Si‐, Ge‐, Sn‐Based Anode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries: From Structure Design to Electrochemical Performance

2017

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non-renewable character of fossil fuels. [1,2] To solve this tough issue, sustainable renewable energy, such as wind energy and solar energy, has been studied for decades to gradually replace fossil fuels. [3,4] Unfortunately, the intermittency of renewable energy resources disturbs direct practical application. In this regard, rechargeable batteries play a crucial key role in storing and delivering the electric energy generated from renewable energy, which is essential to efficient utilization of wind or solar power. [5][6][7][8] Among the current commercial rechargeable batteries, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have shown great promise due to their high energy density and long cycle life, when applied to power portable electronic devices (including cellphones, laptops, etc.), showing great promise for application in electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid EVs. [9][10][11][12] Nevertheless, the gravimetric and volumetric energy density of current commercial LIBs is still very low. It still remains a great challenge for LIBs to meet the requirements for applications in the fields of grid-energy storage and EVs. In addition, the cycle life of LIBs has been widely tested for application in small-scale energy storage at stable working states, while the electrochemical performance of LIBs applied in large-scale energy storage at unstable energy-conversion states (e.g., renewable energy) is still unknown, and needs further study. [13][14][15][16] The performance of LIBs, including the energy density, working life, and safety, is mainly determined by the primary functional components, particularly by the electrode materials. [17] The electrode materials of current commercial LIBs mainly consist of metal oxides or phosphate cathode materials (e.g., LiCoO 2 and LiFePO 4 ) and graphite-based anode materials. [18] However, the theoretical capacity of these graphite-based anode materials is only 372 mA h g −1 , severely reducing the energy density of LIBs. [19] To improve the capacity of anode materials, considerable attention has been devoted to alloy-type anode materials, owing to their high specific capacity and safety characteristics. [20,21] Among various alloy-type anode materials, those based on silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), and tin (Sn) show amazing capacities of 4200, 1625, and 994 mA h g −1 , respectively, holding great potential as anode materials for next-generation LIBs. [13,[22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] However, these anode materials As state-of-the-art rechargeable energy-storage devices, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely applied in various areas, such as storage of electrical energy converted from renewable energy and powering portable electronic devices and electric vehicles (EVs). Nevertheless, the energy density and working life of current commercial LIBs cannot satisfy the rapid development of these applications. It is urgently required that the electrochemical performance of LIBs, which is mainly determined by the electroactive electrode materials, is improved. However, commercial graphite-based ...

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Section: Reasonable Structure Design Of Si‐ Ge‐ and Sn‐based Anode mentioning

confidence: 99%

Si‐, Ge‐, Sn‐Based Anode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries: From Structure Design to Electrochemical Performance

2017

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“…The NiP 3 possesses a very promising capacity with a reversible storage capacity higher than 1000 mA h g À1 aer 50 cycles as negative electrode for LIB. 22 Similar to porous structure there are also interspaces in array structure. 17,18 Nevertheless, it is worth noting that the application of phosphides in practical LIBs is seriously impeded by the relatively large initial irreversible loss and poor capacity retention due to huge volume expansion/contraction during the conversion reaction between lithium ion and phosphides.…”

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Electroless deposition of Ni₃P–Ni arrays on 3-D nickel foam as a high performance anode for lithium-ion batteries

et al. 2015

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We successfully prepared advanced Ni 3 P-Ni array electrodes for Li-ion batteries (LIBs) by electroless deposition on 3-D nickel foam.The array structure of Ni 3 P-Ni can accommodate volume changes during the lithiation/de-lithiation process and promote high-rate capability because the interspaces in such structure can act as ideal volume expansion buffers. It shows excellent electrochemical performance as anode material for LIBs.

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“…CA Ge Mem and PAN Ge Mem demonstrated outstanding delithiation capacities during the first formation cycles (1230 and 1130 mAh g −1 , respectively, at 50 mA g −1 ; Figure S4, Supporting Information). When the current density was increased to 160 mA g −1 , the capacities were slightly reduced to ≈1100 and 950 mAh g −1 (Figure a), which indicates that asymmetric Ge membranes have an excellent rate performance, due to the high electrical conductivity and fast lithium‐ion diffusivity as mentioned previously . However, CA Ge Mem and PAN Ge Mem did suffer from 73.6% and 75.5% capacity losses in 50 cycles at 160 mA g −1 because Ge concentrations are very high (63.0 and 75.2 wt%, respectively), entailing a large electrode volume change that can cause serious electrode delamination and pulverization (Table and Figure a).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 63%

Etching Asymmetric Germanium Membranes with Hydrogen Peroxide for High‐Capacity Lithium‐Ion Battery Anodes

Jin

Larson

et al. 2020

Physica Status Solidi (a)

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Germanium (Ge) is deemed as one of the most promising alloying anodes for rechargeable lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) due to its large theoretical capacity, high electrical conductivity, fast lithium‐ion diffusivity, and mechanical robustness. However, Ge‐based anodes suffer from large volume changes during lithiation and delithiation, which can deteriorate their electrochemical performance rapidly. Herein, the large volume change issue is effectively addressed using an asymmetric membrane structure that is prepared using a phase‐inversion method in combination with hydrogen peroxide etching and surface coating. The asymmetric Ge membrane etched by ≈30 wt% H2O2 at 90 °C for 30 s demonstrates a capacity retention higher than 80% in 50 cycles at 160 mA g−1. Coating the H2O2‐etched Ge membrane with carbonaceous membranes can further improve the retention up to 95% in 50 cycles at 160 mA g−1, whereas ≈100% capacity of 700 mAh g−1 can be maintained in 170 cycles at 400 mA g−1. A combination of electron microscopy, spectrophotometry, and X‐ray analyses confirms the electrochemical performance of asymmetric Ge membranes as the LIB anode can be significantly affected by membrane geometry, the duration of hydrogen peroxide etching, carbonaceous membrane coating, and Ge concentration.

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Nanoporous germanium as high-capacity lithium-ion battery anode

Cited by 134 publications

References 41 publications

Si‐, Ge‐, Sn‐Based Anode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries: From Structure Design to Electrochemical Performance

Si‐, Ge‐, Sn‐Based Anode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries: From Structure Design to Electrochemical Performance

Electroless deposition of Ni₃P–Ni arrays on 3-D nickel foam as a high performance anode for lithium-ion batteries

Etching Asymmetric Germanium Membranes with Hydrogen Peroxide for High‐Capacity Lithium‐Ion Battery Anodes

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Nanoporous germanium as high-capacity lithium-ion battery anode

Cited by 134 publications

References 41 publications

Si‐, Ge‐, Sn‐Based Anode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries: From Structure Design to Electrochemical Performance

Si‐, Ge‐, Sn‐Based Anode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries: From Structure Design to Electrochemical Performance

Electroless deposition of Ni3P–Ni arrays on 3-D nickel foam as a high performance anode for lithium-ion batteries

Etching Asymmetric Germanium Membranes with Hydrogen Peroxide for High‐Capacity Lithium‐Ion Battery Anodes

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Electroless deposition of Ni₃P–Ni arrays on 3-D nickel foam as a high performance anode for lithium-ion batteries