Nanoporous aerogel-based periodic high-energy electron current x-ray sensors

Brivio, Davide; Albert, Steffen; Gagne, Matthew P; Freund, Erica; Sajo, Erno; Zygmanski, Piotr

doi:10.1088/1361-6463/ab83c0

Cited by 9 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(47 reference statements)

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“…Furthermore, the sensor has been shown to work in high-dose rate environments. 8,9 Therefore, it could become an important auxiliary RIID to identify sources in the conditions other instrumentation fail or is difficult to use.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Using the computed fast electron current in the detector we calculated the spatial average of the net current in the aerogel. As detailed elsewhere, 8,9 the signal measured by each electrode is determined based on electrodynamic equations 16 and it is the difference between the downstream and the upstream spatially averaged currents in the aerogel layers neighboring the electrode.…”

Section: A Generalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…HEC signal as a function of penetration depth is quite different in shape, magnitude and meaning from dose as function depth. 7,9 The following series of Ta thicknesses was utilized in the simulation geometry, all in µm: 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 30, 50, 70, 100, 200, 300, 500, 700, 1000, 2000, 5000, and 10,000. The first four layers with the same thickness were chosen to improve the detector sensitivity to x-ray energies below 40 keV.…”

Section: B Balanced Detector Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[7][8][9][10][11] An important difference between existing commercial RIIDs and our device is that we use a low-cost and simple multilayer detector structure, which leads to a rugged device with simple operation. 8,9 Instead of photon counting and energy discrimination, which requires pulse height analysis, we measure fast electron current profiles across the multilayer electrode structure from which we derive spectral information. It is noteworthy that the fast electron current as a function of depth in the multilayer detector structure is different in shape, magnitude and meaning from dose as function depth in a heterogeneous medium.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this paper, we explore a new RIID device employing a multilayer aerogel‐based HEC detector. The operation principle and the experimental demonstration of self‐powered nanoporous aerogel High Energy Current (HEC) detectors is detailed elsewhere 7–11 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Self‐powered multilayer radioisotope identification device

2021

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This is a computational study to develop a rugged self-powered Radioisotope Identification Device (RIID). The principle of operation relies on the High Energy Current (HEC) concept (Zygmanski and Sajo, Med Phys. 43 4-15, 2016) with measurement of fast electron currents between low-Z and high-Z thin-film electrodes separated by nanoporous aerogel films in a multilayer detector structure whose prototypes were previously investigated (

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Generalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: B Balanced Detector Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Self‐powered multilayer radioisotope identification device

2021

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Fully Textile X‐Ray Detectors Based on Fabric‐Embedded Perovskite Crystals

Possanzini

Basiricò

Ciavatti

et al. 2022

Adv Materials Inter

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properties due to an external stimulus, designed to measure biopotential, [6][7][8] temperature, [9] movements as pressure, [10] or strain, [11] sweat content, [12][13][14] or as energy harvesting (thermoelectrics, [15,16] triboelectrics, [17] and biofuel cells [18] ), and storage platforms. [19,20] The flexible, comfortable, and breathable nature of fabrics makes these substrates ideal candidates for developing large-area wearable devices in direct contact with the human body. Despite the high number of different textile sensors realized so far, textile ionizing radiation detectors have not been proposed yet, mostly due to the incompatibility between conventional materials for radiation sensing and fabric substrates. The development of innovative functional materials and low-cost technologies for the detection of ionizing radiations has become an urgent need in the last years due to the relevant increase in the use of ionizing radiation in many aspects of modern society, from medical applications to civil security. In particular, flexible and wearable innovative dosimeters are highly requested in hazardous environments, e.g., for personnel and patients in medical therapy and for space missions' crew. Commercially available personal dosimeters and diagnostic detectors, based on inorganic materials (e.g., silicon-based solid-state devices for dosimeters, a-Si, a-Se, or poly-cadmium zinc telluride for large-area flat panels) are heavy, bulky, rigid, and uncomfortable to be worn. Furthermore, they are difficult to implement in large, pixelated matrices by means of low-cost and low-tech fabrication techniques. In the last years, a new generation of X-ray detectors has been explored, based on organic semiconductors [21][22][23] and perovskites, [24][25][26] two classes of materials that allow for liquid phase deposition methods, enabling an easy device scaling up to large areas and the implementation on unconventional flexible substrates, such as thin plastic foils [27,28] and even fabrics. [29][30][31] Lead halide perovskites are an emerging and promising class of materials for X-ray detection, thanks to their utmost electric transport properties, (i.e., high charge carrier mobilities and long carrier lifetime), excellent optical properties, together with high ionizing radiation stopping power due to the presence of heavy atoms (e.g., Br, Pb, or I) in their molecular structure. The combination of all these features has led to impressive performance of lead halide perovskite devices in the direct detection of X-rays and gamma rays, both in films [31] and single crystal forms. [32][33][34] However, despite their excellent performance, single crystals retain a mechanical stiffness preventing the implementation

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A prototype scintillator real‐time beam monitor for ultra‐high dose rate radiotherapy

Levin,

Friedman,

Ferretti

et al. 2024

Medical Physics

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BackgroundFLASH Radiotherapy (RT) is an emergent cancer RT modality where an entire therapeutic dose is delivered at more than 1000 times higher dose rate than conventional RT. For clinical trials to be conducted safely, a precise and fast beam monitor that can generate out‐of‐tolerance beam interrupts is required. This paper describes the overall concept and provides results from a prototype ultra‐fast, scintillator‐based beam monitor for both proton and electron beam FLASH applications.PurposeA FLASH Beam Scintillator Monitor (FBSM) is being developed that employs a novel proprietary scintillator material. The FBSM has capabilities that conventional RT detector technologies are unable to simultaneously provide: (1) large area coverage; (2) a low mass profile; (3) a linear response over a broad dynamic range; (4) radiation hardness; (5) real‐time analysis to provide an IEC‐compliant fast beam‐interrupt signal based on true two‐dimensional beam imaging, radiation dosimetry and excellent spatial resolution.MethodsThe FBSM uses a proprietary low mass, less than 0.5 mm water equivalent, non‐hygroscopic, radiation tolerant scintillator material (designated HM: hybrid material) that is viewed by high frame rate CMOS cameras. Folded optics using mirrors enable a thin monitor profile of ∼10 cm. A field programmable gate array (FPGA) data acquisition system generates real‐time analysis on a time scale appropriate to the FLASH RT beam modality: 100–1000 Hz for pulsed electrons and 10–20 kHz for quasi‐continuous scanning proton pencil beams. An ion beam monitor served as the initial development platform for this work and was tested in low energy heavy‐ion beams (86Kr+26 and protons). A prototype FBSM was fabricated and then tested in various radiation beams that included FLASH level dose per pulse electron beams, and a hospital RT clinic with electron beams.ResultsResults presented in this report include image quality, response linearity, radiation hardness, spatial resolution, and real‐time data processing. The HM scintillator was found to be highly radiation damage resistant. It exhibited a small 0.025%/kGy signal decrease from a 216 kGy cumulative dose resulting from continuous exposure for 15 min at a FLASH compatible dose rate of 237 Gy/s. Measurements of the signal amplitude versus beam fluence demonstrate linear response of the FBSM at FLASH compatible dose rates of >40 Gy/s. Comparison with commercial Gafchromic film indicates that the FBSM produces a high resolution 2D beam image and can reproduce a nearly identical beam profile, including primary beam tails. The spatial resolution was measured at 35–40 µm. Tests of the firmware beta version show successful operation at 20 000 Hz frame rate or 50 µs/frame, where the real‐time analysis of the beam parameters is achieved in less than 1 µs.ConclusionsThe FBSM is designed to provide real‐time beam profile monitoring over a large active area without significantly degrading the beam quality. A prototype device has been staged in particle beams at currents of single particles up to FLASH level dose rates, using both continuous ion beams and pulsed electron beams. Using a novel scintillator, beam profiling has been demonstrated for currents extending from single particles to 10 nA currents. Radiation damage is minimal and even under FLASH conditions would require ≥50 kGy of accumulated exposure in a single spot to result in a 1% decrease in signal output. Beam imaging is comparable to radiochromic films, and provides immediate images without hours of processing. Real‐time data processing, taking less than 50 µs (combined data transfer and analysis times), has been implemented in firmware for 20 kHz frame rates for continuous proton beams.

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Nanoporous aerogel-based periodic high-energy electron current x-ray sensors

Cited by 9 publications

References 31 publications

Self‐powered multilayer radioisotope identification device

Self‐powered multilayer radioisotope identification device

Fully Textile X‐Ray Detectors Based on Fabric‐Embedded Perovskite Crystals

A prototype scintillator real‐time beam monitor for ultra‐high dose rate radiotherapy

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