Nanoplatform‐Based Reactive Oxygen Species Scavengers for Therapy of Ischemia‐Reperfusion Injury

Abstract

Ischemia‐reperfusion is a characteristic disorder of many diseases, such as myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral vascular diseases. Ischemia‐reperfusion injury (IRI) is one of the most frequent causes of debilitating diseases and death. Relieving organ damage caused by IRI is valuable in safeguarding human life and health. In recent years, nanoplatform‐based reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers have attracted widespread attention for alleviation of IRI. To highlight these achievements and to provide a quick perspective for researchers to understand the current research status, recent progress in nanoplatform‐based ROS scavengers for IRI therapy is summarized in this review. This review first summarizes information on the main sites and mechanisms of IRI. Thereafter, this review briefly summarizes and discusses the principles of design, fabrication, and administration of nanoplatform‐based ROS scavengers. Furthermore, the application of nanoplatform‐based ROS scavengers in the treatment of IRI in a variety of organs is also reviewed. Finally, limitations and possible breakthrough in developing ROS scavengers in the field of IRI are discussed. It is hoped that this review will be helpful and enlightening to researcher in medicine, pharmacy, biology, chemistry, and materials science.

Nano‐biotechnology in tumour and cancerous disease: A perspective review

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“…In this case, this shortcoming is exploited by administering nano-antioxidants that are preferentially absorbed by the liver to avert hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), a disease caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS). 128 To prevent macrophages from ingesting the nanoparticles, a coating of polymers-including hydrophilic polymers-is applied to the surface of the particles. To prevent the nanoparticles from being degraded by enzymes, the biocompatibility of the particles can be increased by making them more water-soluble and less susceptible to enzymes.…”

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“…In living organisms, ROS are continuously produced in metabolic processes. As essential secondary messengers, ROS play a crucial role in regulating physiological functions, such as pathogen defense, cell signaling, and homeostasis. , External forces damage the cells at the trauma sites, and cell metabolism disorders lead to the production of excessive ROS . It is also due to cell dysfunction, the ability of cells to scavenge ROS is significantly reduced, resulting in the accumulation of ROS, which in turn leads to oxidative stress. , The negative effects of oxidative stress cannot be ignored.…”

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“…[11] However, the clinical potential of SOD is limited by its low stability, short half life, and easy deactivation during its transport to the ischemic site. [12,13] Moreover, the H 2 O 2 product generated by SOD catalysis is still dangerous to healthy tissue cells as H 2 O 2 may potentially serve as the reactant of intracellular Fenton catalysis. [14,15] Therefore, advanced strategies are urgently demanded to alleviate myocardial IR injury through the effective elimination of O 2 •À .…”