Nanoparticles of aromatic biopolymers catalyze CO₂ cycloaddition to epoxides under atmospheric conditions

Abstract

Lignin and melanin are aromatic biopolymers that are contained in large amounts in plants and animals. Biopolymers containing hydrogen bond donor (HBD) moieties (phenols, diols, amino acids, etc.) are sustainable...

Organocatalytic Polymers from Affordable and Readily Available Building Blocks for the Cycloaddition of CO2 to Epoxides

“…149 Compared to the latter biopolymers, melanin and tannins are relatively less abundant but they are rich in phenolic hydroxy groups which are highly active HBDs in the cycloaddition of CO 2 to epoxides. 150,151 Selected examples to highlight the progress in the application of such HBDs under mild reaction conditions are briefly detailed below.…”

Simple Halogen‐Free, Biobased Organic Salts Convert Glycidol to Glycerol Carbonate under Atmospheric CO2 Pressure

“… [46] This particular halide‐free approach was recently achieved using either an Al III aminotriphenolate complex [46] or via suitable base catalysts [44] . Apart from halide‐free approaches, the use of biobased catalysts is also gaining huge momentum as they can serve as sustainable, readily available, inexpensive, and generally non‐toxic alternatives [38,47–51] . Therefore, we envisioned that merging rarely considered halide‐free GC synthesis and the utilization of single‐component biobased catalysts would be an interesting objective fulfilling the future need for sustainable processing and catalyst separation/recycling.…”

A novel crosslinker for synthesizing hypercrosslinked ionic polymers containing activating groups as efficient catalysts for the CO2 cycloaddition reaction

“…8,9 Therefore, it is highly desirable to develop an efficient catalyst to conquer the thermodynamic challenge of inert CO 2 molecules in the cycloaddition reaction. 2,[10][11][12][13] To date, many homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts have been used in the cycloaddition of CO 2 with epoxides, including ionic liquids (ILs), 14,15 halide-free catalysts, [16][17][18][19] metal complexes, 20,21 bio-based catalysts, 22,23 metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), [24][25][26][27][28][29] porous organic polymers (POPs) [30][31][32][33][34] and cooperative catalysis between them. [35][36][37][38] Some progress has been made in the development of homogeneous catalysts for the CO 2 cycloaddition reaction, and these materials still face the problems of effective adsorption, catalyst recycling, energy consumption and product separation.…”

“…In addition, bio-heterogeneous catalysts have signicant advantages in sustainability due to their low cost and vast resources. However, multiple steps of separation and purication were required in the preparation of catalysts, 22,23 making the preparation process more complicated. Furthermore, the addition of co-catalysts in catalytic reactions improves the difficulty of separation.…”