Nanoparticles in orthodontics, a review of antimicrobial and anti-caries applications

Abstract

Nanoparticles (NPs) are insoluble particles smaller than 100 nm in size. In order to prevent microbial adhesion or enamel demineralization in orthodontic therapy, two broad strategies have been used. These are incorporating certain NPs into orthodontic adhesives/cements or acrylic resins (nanofillers, silver, TiO2, SiO2, hydroxyapatite, fluorapatite, fluorohydroxyapatite) and coating surfaces of orthodontic appliances with NPs (i.e. coating bracket surfaces with a thin film of nitrogen-doped TiO2). Although the use of NPs in orthodontics can offer new possibilities, previous studies investigated the antimicrobial or physical characteristic over a short time span, i.e. 24 hours to a few weeks, and the limitations of in vitro studies should be recognized. Information on the long-term performance of orthodontic material using nanotechnology is lacking and necessitates further investigation and so do possible safety issues (toxicity), which can be related to the NP sizes.

Comparative evaluation and influence on shear bond strength of incorporating silver, zinc oxide, and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in orthodontic adhesive

“…[8] Nanoparticles are incorporated into orthodontic adhesives/cements or acrylic resins and can coated onto the surfaces of orthodontic appliances to prevent microbial adhesion or enamel demineralization in orthodontic therapy. [9] Incorporating nanoparticles within the bonding agent and not into the adhesive body itself has weighed a more convincing accession and in some way profitable from a clinical outlook. Considering that the bonding agent which comes into candid touch with the enamel surface, the destination area for precautionary pursuits.…”

Effect of S53P4 bone substitute on staphylococcal adhesion and biofilm formation on other implant materials in normal and hypoxic conditions

“…-Antibacterial effect of the inert SiO 2 which is present in the S53P4 composition and may produce a coating on surrounding substrata [36]. -Physical damage to cell wall coming from S53P4 debris that could be related to its antibacterial effect [31].…”

Caries Progression: How Can We Control this Disease?

“…The concentration of fluoride in fluoride dentifrices varies from 0.025% (250 ppm F-) to 0.15% (1500 ppm F-), reaching even 0.50% (5000 ppm F-), for specific situations such as high caries risk patients [18,19]. Some studies have found that below 500 ppm F-there is no scientific evidence of a preventive effect.…”

“…Substances such quaternary ammonium methacrylates, dodecyl amine, bipyridine, tannic acid derivatives, polyhexanide, amphiphilic lipids, silver, sodium chloride gluconate, have been show improve the antibacterial effect and also shown ability to reduce restauration roughness, plaque retention and biofilm formation [18].…”