Nanoparticles in Melanoma

Abstract

Malignant melanoma is one of the most common causes of cancer and cancer deaths in young people. Until few years ago, scarce drugs have proven efficacy in metastatic setting. However, in the recent years, the treatment of metastatic malignant melanoma has undergone the incorporation of effective treatment such as immunotherapy, the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors and the emergence of other cytostatic compounds, like the nanoparticles. This review aims to propose a standardization to classify the different types of nanoparticles, according to chemical aspects, and update the clinical research with nanoparticles and their use in melanoma field.

Melanocortin 1 Receptor Targeted Imaging of Melanoma With Gold Nanocages and Positron Emission Tomography

“…Previously, we used 50-nm AuNCs conjugated with [Nle 4 , D-Phe 7 ]-α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (NDP-α-MSH) peptide for melanoma photoacoustic imaging and showed sensitive and specific detection of MC1R in a mouse B16 model. 20 However, the large size of AuNCs led to unfavorable in vivo pharmacokinetics and high uptake by the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS: liver, and spleen).…”

“…S-2-(4-Aminobenzyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane tetraacetic acid (NH 2 -Bn-DOTA) was purchased from Macrocyclics (Dallas, Texas). [Nle 4 , D-Phe 7 -Lys(Dde)]-α-MSH [NDP-MSH (Dde)-α-NH 2 ] peptide was customized by CPC Scientific (Sunnyvale, California). Other chemicals and reagents, including poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP, MW ≈ 55 000), gold (III) chloride trihydrate (HAuCl 4 .3H 2 O), ascorbic acid, sodium chloride (NaCl), and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Missouri).…”

“…12,13,15,16 Among the various targets assessed in melanoma detection, melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) has been widely studied due to its critical role in the incidence and progression of melanoma, making it a valid biomarker for the diagnosis of not only primary tumors but also metastasis in distant organs. 17,18 By conjugating [Nle 4 , D-Phe 7 ]-α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (NDP-α-MSH), Lu et al have demonstrated receptor-mediated active targeting and efficient photothermal ablation of melanoma with gold nanoshells in a murine tumor model. 19 However, the imaging potential of these targeted nanostructures for melanoma has not been fully realized as a reference to guide the treatment.…”

Nanoparticles and nanofibers for topical drug delivery

“…Nanoparticles may provide targeted and effective chemotherapeutic delivery to these sites, improving treatment efficacy. Treatments for metastatic malignant melanoma have recently incorporated nanoparticular formulations of cytostatic compounds, as reviewed in 2014 by Berciano-Guerrero et al [92]. Liposomes, SLNs, polymeric nanospheres and dendrimers are all nanoparticles that have been explored as topical delivery systems for treating skin cancer.…”

Different Concentrations of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Induce Autophagy Followed by Growth Inhibition or Cell Death in A375 Melanoma Cells

“…Melanoma is the most common and aggressive form of skin cancer with significant mortality and survival rate of 10% (1). Current treatment options for melanoma include surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, bio -chemotherapy (a combination of immunotherapy and chemotherapy), and targeted therapy (2). However, these therapies are not effective against all patients and thus, it is important to develop new therapeutic strategies for improving treatment options for patients with skin cancer.…”