Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Surface Fabrication for Innovative Cranial and Maxillofacial Surgery

Abstract

A novel strategy to improve the success of soft and hard tissue integration of titanium implants is the use of nanoparticles coatings made from basically any type of biocompatible substance, which can advantageously enhance the properties of the material, as compared to its similar bulk material. So, most of the physical methods approaches involve the compaction of nanoparticles versus micron-level particles to yield surfaces with nanoscale grain boundaries, simultaneously preserving the chemistry of the surface among different topographies. At the same time, nanoparticles have been known as one of the most effective antibacterial agents and can be used as effective growth inhibitors of various microorganisms as an alternative to antibiotics. In this paper, based on literature research, we present a comprehensive review of the mechanical, physical, and chemical methods for creating nano-structured titanium surfaces along with the main nanoparticles used for the surface modification of titanium implants, the fabrication methods, their main features, and the purpose of use. We also present two patented solutions which involve nanoparticles to be used in cranioplasty, i.e., a cranial endoprosthesis with a sliding system to repair the traumatic defects of the skull, and a cranial implant based on titanium mesh with osteointegrating structures and functional nanoparticles. The main outcomes of the patented solutions are: (a) a novel geometry of the implant that allow both flexible adaptation of the implant to the specific anatomy of the patient and the promotion of regeneration of the bone tissue; (b) porous structure and favorable geometry for the absorption of impregnated active substances and cells proliferation; (c) the new implant model fit 100% on the structure of the cranial defect without inducing mechanical stress; (d) allows all kinds of radiological examinations and rapid osteointegration, along with the patient recover in a shorter time.

Magnetic Nanoparticles Used in Oncology

“…Graphene-based nanomaterials are another innovative solution for tissue engineering in the dental field [233][234][235]. Selenium nanoparticles were involved in surface modification of the titanium mesh for cranioplasty [236][237][238]. In the nanoparticle field, magnetic nanoparticles represent a special class, because they demonstrate an intrinsic association with oncological domain.…”

Case Report: Simultaneous Resection of Bone Tumor and CAD/CAM Titanium Cranioplasty in Fronto-Orbital Region

“…For cranioplasty, a variety of alloplastic biomaterials can be used, including standard hydroxyapatite (HA), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), titanium, and actively developing new substances (16)(17)(18). Each has its own advantages and disadvantages; most of them are suitable for CAD/CAM pre-fabrication, and all of them are potentially biologically toxic, with the likely exception of hydroxyapatite (14).…”

Applications of Phyto-Nanotechnology for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders

“…Various reaction factors, such as solvent, temperature, pressure, and pH conditions, influence green synthesis methods based on biological precursors (acidic, basic, or neutral). Many plant extracts, particularly those from leaves, include potent phytochemicals, such as ketones, aldehydes, flavonoids, amides and terpenoids, carboxylic acids, phenols and ascorbic acids, that may be used to synthesize metal and metal oxide nanoparticles [51,52].…”

“…Integrative medicine can sometimes delay the progression of these diseases or exhibit protective effects. It is believed by scientists that with the development of integrative medicine and modern science, the former will progressively take a more and more significant role in the treatment of ND [52,53].…”