Nanoparticle–enzyme hybrid systems for nanobiotechnology

Abstract

Biomolecule–nanoparticle (NP) [or quantum‐dot (QD)] hybrid systems combine the recognition and biocatalytic properties of biomolecules with the unique electronic, optical, and catalytic features of NPs and yield composite materials with new functionalities. The biomolecule–NP hybrid systems allow the development of new biosensors, the synthesis of metallic nanowires, and the fabrication of nanostructured patterns of metallic or magnetic NPs on surfaces. These advances in nanobiotechnology are exemplified by the development of amperometric glucose sensors by the electrical contacting of redox enzymes by means of AuNPs, and the design of an optical glucose sensor by the biocatalytic growth of AuNPs. The biocatalytic growth of metallic NPs is used to fabricate Au and Ag nanowires on surfaces. The fluorescence properties of semiconductor QDs are used to develop competitive maltose biosensors and to probe the biocatalytic functions of proteases. Similarly, semiconductor NPs, associated with electrodes, are used to photoactivate bioelectrocatalytic cascades while generating photocurrents.

Efficient and robust biofabrication of silver nanoparticles by cassia alata leaf extract and their antimicrobial activity

“…The synthesized nanomaterials have been used widely in medicinal and technological aspects. There are a number of approaches available for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles, for example, reduction of solutions [1], chemical and photochemical reactions [2], thermal decomposition of silver compounds [3], radiationassisted [4], electrochemical [5], sonochemical [6] and microwave-assisted processes [7], use of bacteria [8], fungi [9] and enzymes [10], and recently via the green chemistry route [11][12][13]. The use of environmentally benign materials like plant leaf extract [14][15][16][17][18][19][20] for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles offers numerous benefits which are compatible with various pharmaceutical and biomedical applications.…”

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Azadirachta indica leaf extract and its antimicrobial study

“…Green synthesis is preferred over conventional synthesis because it is ecofriendly, cost-effective, single-step method that can be easily scaled up for large scale synthesis and does not require high pressure, temperature, energy and toxic chemicals (Saha et al 2017). Many researchers have reported the use of materials such as plant leaf extract, root, stem, bark, leaf, fruit, bud and latex (Mariselvam et al 2014), fungi (Bhainsa 2006), bacteria (Saifuddin et al 2009) and enzymes (Willner et al 2007) for the synthesis of silver nano-particles. A lot of work has been done on green synthesis of silver nano-particles using microorganisms including bacteria, fungi and plants because of their antioxidant properties capable of reducing metal compounds in their respective nanoparticle.…”

Biogenic synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Ruta graveolens (L.) and their antibacterial and antioxidant activities

“…It is believed, that broad usage of these metal oxide nanoparticles may lead to their potentially hazardous the environment which could adversely affect human health. Their possible toxicity could induce cell membrane leakage, warranting the need to develop alternative methods of environmentally benign synthesis route (Limbach et al 2007) An eco-friendly, concerned materials like plant extract (Parashar et al 2009), bacteria (Saifuddin and Wong 2009), fungi (Bhainsa and Sauza 2006) and enzymes (Willner et al 2007) for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles offers numerous benefits of eco-friendly and compatibility for biomedical applications as they do not use toxic chemicals for the synthesis. Plant materials provide a biological synthesis route of several metallic nanoparticles which are more eco-friendly and allows a controlled synthesis with well-defined size and shape (Bar et al 2009).…”