Nanoparticle-Enhanced Potentiometric Ion-Selective Electrodes for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Linezolid

Abstract

Nosocomial infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria is treated with Linezolid (LIN) either alone or with other medications such as; Meropenem (MERO) or Theophylline (THEO). LIN has variable pharmacokinetics which makes it an ideal candidate for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). Ion selective electrode (ISE) is a promising tool that can be used in hospitals by medical practitioners to adjust the dose of LIN which will eventually improve the therapeutic outcomes. Four potentiometric PVC sensors were fabricated for the determination of LIN in plasma in the presence of co-administered medications (MERO and THEO). Sensor I; cationic exchanger phosphotungstate sensor covering a concentration range of 1.0 × 10 −7 -1.0 × 10 −4 M. while Sensor II; 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-βCD) sensor covered a concentration range of 1.0 × 10 −9 -1.0 × 10 −3 M. The last two sensors were fabricated using metal nanoparticles (NPs). Sensor III; Copper NP-incorporated HP-βCD sensor was used over a concentration range 1.0 × 10 −9 -1.0 × 10 −3 M, while Sensor IV; Cobalt NP-incorporated HP-βCD sensor attained the highest sensitivity of all the prepared sensors with the quantification range of 1.0 × 10 −10 -1.0 × 10 −4 M. Britton-Robinson buffer at pH 3.5 ± 0.5 was chosen for optimization of experimental conditions of the four sensors. The proposed sensors performance was validated according to IUPAC\FDA guidelines and was applied successfully for the determination of LIN in its pharmaceutical formulation and for TDM in incurred plasma samples. No interference was noted in the presence of (MERO) and (THEO) that are commonly co-administered with LIN as a part of the treatment protocol for healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP).

Ruthenium Dioxide as High-Capacitance Solid-Contact Layer in K+-Selective Electrodes Based on Polymer Membrane

“…2,9 Mass Spectrometry, Flame Photometry or Atomic Absorption Spectrometry are also applied for the potassium analysis although, in contrast to electrochemical methods, they are usually expensive, complicated, time-consuming and the required apparatus is of large size. [10][11][12][13] Moreover, among methods used for potassium determination the potentiometry method allows to indicate its ionic form, which is of highest bioavailability and reactivity, therefore influence living organisms the most. 14 In environmental monitoring speciation methods are most frequently used 15 thus the potassium ions concentration could be directly monitored with potentiometric sensors to determine the soil quality 16 or detect environmental pollution.…”

Portable Nanoparticle-Enhanced Sensor for Tigecycline Determination in Biological Fluids and in the Presence of Its Degradation Products

“…26 However, no improvement was observed, which may be attributed to the high molecular weight of TGC and its inability to fit into the β-CD cavity. Concerning senor (III), CoO-NPs, a reported modifier, were used to increase the selectivity and sensitivity of the sensors, as reported in the literature; 27 however, no further improvement took place.…”

A Reliable Electrochemical Sensor Based on Functionalized Magnetite Nanoparticles for Over‐the‐counter Allergy Medication Abuse Sensing in Biological Fluids

“…Further addition of Fe 3 O 4 -NPs to HP-β-CD increased the selectivity and sensitivity. The pronounced sensitivity of the chosen NPs can be related to their large surface area and lack of internal diffusion resistance, rich electrical characteristics, thermal stability, and outstanding chemical properties [33,[38][39][40][41]. In order to drive the detection limit lower, the response of two DIPH-sensors (I and III) with the same PVC membrane but sensor III has inner filling solution containing the functionalized magnetic fluid were examined.…”