“…In addition, there remain significant uncertainties concerning exposure risk because the particles characteristics from construction sources may be different from other, more established sources such as vehicle exhaust [28][29][30][31] and non-vehicle exhaust sources [9, 32]. None of the studies to date have presented coarse, fine and ultrafine particles emissions and associated exposure to on-site workers from either of the mixing, drilling or cutting activities (see Table 1), which is the focus of this study.Taking advantage of research gaps and in continuation of our previous efforts [7,9, 19, 33] this work investigates the release of particles in the 5-10,000 nm range from three (simulated) construction activities (concrete mixing, drilling and cutting) carried out under controlled conditions in indoor laboratory environment. The objectives were to analyse the size distributions and proportions of both particle number and mass concentrations in the studied size range, compute emission factors (EFs) and exposure to on-site workers.…”