2018
DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/421/4/042027
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Nanoparticle Emissions and GPF for MPI Gasoline Cars

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Cited by 6 publications
(3 citation statements)
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“…Although most of the GDIs studied here resulted in higher PN emissions than the PFIs, PN emissions from the PFIs exceed in some occasions the PN limits for diesel and GDI vehicles. High emissions of PFIs especially at dynamic cycles is not new; similar levels were found for Euro 1–3 (Ntziachristos et al, 2004), but even for recent Euro 5–6 vehicles (Hensel et al, 2018; Giechaskiel et al, 2018a). It needs to be seen if future GPFs will be able to reach the emission levels of efficient DPFs (one order of magnitude lower).…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 57%
“…Although most of the GDIs studied here resulted in higher PN emissions than the PFIs, PN emissions from the PFIs exceed in some occasions the PN limits for diesel and GDI vehicles. High emissions of PFIs especially at dynamic cycles is not new; similar levels were found for Euro 1–3 (Ntziachristos et al, 2004), but even for recent Euro 5–6 vehicles (Hensel et al, 2018; Giechaskiel et al, 2018a). It needs to be seen if future GPFs will be able to reach the emission levels of efficient DPFs (one order of magnitude lower).…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 57%
“…PFI vehicle emissions depended on the vehicle tested, being lower than the current limit for one vehicle (PFI#1), and higher for the other (PFI#2). Such PFI vehicle-dependent SPN emissions lower or higher than the (diesel) SPN limit have been measured before for China 4 (He et al, 2018), Euro 5 (Bielaczyc et al, 2015), or even Euro 6b (Hensel et al, 2018) vehicles. The SPN emissions of the CNG vehicles varied but they were below the (diesel) SPN limit.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 57%
“…In the case of light-duty vehicles, many studies demonstrated that gasoline PFI produces significantly lower particulate emissions than GDI, lying below the 6×10 11 p/km limit Mamakos et al, 2012;Ntziachristos and Galassi, 2014), but there are also indications that PN emissions from PFI engines can significantly exceed this limit (Hensel et al, 2018;Giechaskiel et al, 2019b). Vehicles operating on LPG have also become popular over the last decade in several EU countries due to the attractive fuel price and it is estimated that over 15 million LPG vehicles are currently in use in Eastern and Southern European countries (European LPG Association, 2016).…”
Section: Vehicle Exhaust Particulate Matter Characteristicsmentioning
confidence: 99%