Nanoparticle Based-immunotherapy Against Allergy

Abstract

Allergic diseases are one of the most prevalent diseases, reaching epidemic proportions in developed countries. An allergic reaction occurs after contact with an environmental protein, such as inhalants allergens (pollen, animal dander, house dust mites), or food proteins. This response is known as part of the type 2 immunity that is counterbalanced by Type 1 immunity and Tregs. Widely used allergen-specific immunotherapy (IT) is a long term treatment to induce such switch from Th2 to Th1 response. However, conventional IT requires multiple allergen injections over a long period of time and is not free of risk of producing allergic reactions. As a consequence, new safer and faster immunotherapeutic methods are required. This review deals with allergen IT using nanoparticles as allergen delivery system that will allow a different way of administration, reduce dose and diminish allergen exposure to IgE bound to mast cells or basophils.

Nanoparticle–allergen complexes for allergen immunotherapy

“…In recent years, nanotechnologies have strongly emerged in vaccinology and, more currently, in the allergen immunotherapy field, with several studies in animals showing very promising future perspectives. 35,87 Of particular interest in this field is how nanocarrier/allergen complexes can be formulated to obtain improved stability, slow release kinetics, selective targeting of specific immune cells, and …”

Enhanced efficacy of sublingual immunotherapy by liposome-mediated delivery of allergen

“…Interestingly, it has also been shown that PEG can change the adhesion properties between nanoparticles and mucin fibers in mucosal tissues, and as a result may enhance their penetration through layers of sublingual mucosa. 23,24 As of today, none of the commercially available SLIT vaccines contain any adjuvants. 25 However, a few studies have shown positive results in murine SLIT models using positively charged maltodextrin and chitosan based microparticles as antigen carriers for mucosal vaccination, where the immune response was enhanced through DC targeting.…”

Avaliação da atividade imunoterapêutica do probiótico LLHsp65 na asma experimental

“…A imunoterapia de mucosa utilizando probióticos apresenta--se como uma boa estratégia para o tratamento de doenças alérgicas (Ganesh and Versalovic, 2015;Smits et al, 2016). Por isso, neste estudo, nós avaliamos os efeitos imunomoduladores da administração oral de L. lactis NCDO2118 expressando Hsp65 de M. leprae no tratamento da asma experimental.…”

“…Em conjunto, as citocinas e os mediadores inflamatórios contribuem para o desenvolvimento das principais fisiopatologias da asma, como a inflamação eosinofílica, hipersecreção de muco, obstrução e hiper--reatividade das vias aéreas (Heijink and Van Oosterhout, 2006;Gamazo et al, 2014).…”

“…Essas moléculas são componentes capazes de aumentar a qualidade e a eficiência da modulação da resposta imunológica. Exemplos de adjuvantes são moléculas que contenham "sinais de perigo", como os "padrões moleculares associados à patógenos" (PAMPs) que são agonistas de receptores de reconhecimento padrão (PRRs) (Gamazo et al, 2014).…”