“…In contrast, the magnetic relaxation switching (MRS) biosensor can be utilized in turbid and lightimpermeable media without separation and purication steps. [15][16][17] It has been widely used to analyze different targets, including heavy metals, 18 DNA, 19 viruses, 20 bacteria, 21 pesticide residues, 22,23 hormones, 24 and antibiotics. 25,26 The principles of conventional MRS biosensors generally rely on dispersion/ aggregation or altered concentration of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs).…”