Nanoparticle, a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of infective endocarditis

Abstract

INTRODUCTIONNanotechnology is a novel method of producing and manipulating substance at the molecular scale, which can provide for more efficiently functioning mechanical, chemical, and biological components and bring great value to the development of medicine (1). The term "nano," first presented by the famous material scientist Richard P. Feynman (2) in 1959, is a unit used to describe 10 −9 of parameter in the microcosm. Over the past few years, nanotechnology has sparked intense interest among scientists and has been used to overcome biomedical difficulties and treat various diseases such as cancers (3), infectious diseases (4), and cardiovascular diseases (5). Nanoparticles, nano-carriers or nano-materials, defined as substances with a size of 1 to 100 nm, have specific functions at the cellular, atomic and molecular levels and are widely used in the fields of diagnosis and treatment of diseases (6). Nanoparticles or nano-carriers exhibit many advantages, including excellent drug stability and solubility, prolonged half-life of drug systemic circulation, stable and sustained drug-releasing rate, and lower frequency of drug administration, thus minimizing side effects of drug (6). As a result, they have become a promising alternative strategy to improve drug efficiency and minimize side effects in the treatment of diseases.Infective endocarditis (IE) is an infectious disease defined by an infection of the heart valve and the endocardial surface, such as a prosthetic heart valve or an indwelling cardiac device (7). IE remains an infectious and life-threatening disease with an incidence of approximately 3-10 per 100,000 person-years (8, 9). With more prosthetic valve replacements or cardiac electronic device implantations performed for patients who suffer from heart valve diseases or arrhythmia, the incidence of IE is rising (8). IE is still a challenging disease bringing stupendous health and economic burden to the world.With IE recognized as an infectious disease characterized by biofilm formation, the core of antimicrobial therapy for IE has focused on eradicating biofilm and drug-resistant bacteria. Nanoparticles, working as effectively functioning drugs

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Application of nanomaterials in heart transplantation: a narrative review

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