Nanopaper from almond (Prunus dulcis) shell

Production of renewable cellulose nanopaper from culinary banana (Musa ABB) peel and its characterization

“…resulted in zero vibration in order to accomplish absorption. The band at 1634 cm −1 became less intense in CNP-T and may be attributed to the bending mode of absorbed water in carbohydrates and caused by partial reaction of C O bonds of hemicelluloses (Urruzola et al, 2014). CH 2 bending frequency was observed (Sun et al, 2004) at 1409 cm −1 bands.…”

“…CNFs are used in preparation of CNP employing methods including drying of CNF suspension into repetitive rolling process (Sehaqui et al, 2014), vacuum filtration (Sehaqui et al, 2010), hot pressing (Ho et al, 2012), solvent casting (Sehaqui et al, 2010), pressure filtration (Osterberg et al, 2013). The structure of CNP shows tightly packed nanofibers and interacts strongly with each other, contributing outstanding mechanical properties and thus CNP from CNF are considered as green and potential alternative for multiple applications depending on the requirements of final use applications including food packaging (Urruzola et al, 2014).…”

Industrial and crop wastes: A new source for nanocellulose biorefinery

“…Cellulose is the most abundant polysaccharide on earth with approximately 10 9 tons produced annually by (Urruzola et al, 2014). It is a highly ordered polymer of cellobiose (dglucopyranosyl-␤-1,4-d-glucopyranose) chains aggregated by numerous strong intermolecular hydrogen bonds between hydroxyl groups of adjacent macromolecules, forming cellulose microfibrils.…”

“…This step is in most cases mandatory and complicated if a unique pretreatment process would be designed for the use of different lignocellulosic feedstock. It usually implies the thermochemical treatment of the cellulosic fiber, with different chemicals, such as NaOH Li et al, 2009;Siqueira et al, 2010), KOH (Ludueña et al, 2011;Urruzola et al, 2014) steam , organic solvents (Chen et al, 2011;Jiang and Hsieh, 2013;Oksman et al, 2011), mineral acids Hsieh, 2013). .…”

“…This is maybe due to different amount of lignin, hemicelluloses or other compounds like pectin (Arola et al, 2012;Hideno et al, 2014;Siqueira et al, 2010;Urruzola et al, 2014). To the best of our knowledge, nobody has clearly explained this issue, but it has been reported that several mechanical cycles were needed for wood pulp whereas only two steps were necessary for carrot juice byproduct (Oksman et al, 2013).…”