Nanoneuromedicines for degenerative, inflammatory, and infectious nervous system diseases

Abstract

Interest in nanoneuromedicine has grown rapidly due to the immediate need for improved biomarkers and therapies for psychiatric, developmental, traumatic, inflammatory, infectious and degenerative nervous system disorders. These, in whole or in part, are a significant societal burden due to growth in numbers of affected people and in disease severity. Lost productivity of the patient and his or her caregiver, and the emotional and financial burden cannot be overstated. The need for improved health care, treatment and diagnostics are immediate. A means to such an end is nanotechnology. Indeed, recent developments of health-care enabling nanotechnologies and nanomedicines range from biomarker discovery including neuroimaging to therapeutic applications for degenerative, inflammatory and infectious disorders of the nervous system. This review focuses on the current and future potential of the field to positively affect clinical outcomes.

Neuronal protection against oxidative insult by polyanhydride nanoparticle-based mitochondria-targeted antioxidant therapy

“…Briefly, the synthesized polymer (100 mg), QD, or Mito-Apo (0.1 or 0.2 mg) were dispersed in 4 mL of methylene chloride (Fisher Scientific) and sonicated for 60 seconds with a sonication probe (Sonics and Materials) (43). The solution was poured into 1 L of pentane (Fisher Scientific) and the particles were recovered by vacuum filtration.…”

Nanotechnology for biomedical applications: Recent advances in neurosciences and bone tissue engineering

“…Nervous system alterations such as developmental, psychiatric, traumatic, inflammatory, infectious, and degenerative disorders appear to be an important field of nanomaterial application, as nanoparticles may allow the transport of therapeutic or imaging contrast agents across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) into the nervous system and the achievement of targeted delivery to appropriate brain or spinal cord subregions .…”

Antimicrobial Nanostructures for Neurodegenerative Infections

“…Nanostructured antimicrobial drugs are targeted mainly to the receptors of brain endothelial cells, such as the insulin, leptin, transferrin, and epidermal growth factor receptors for the transfer of lead molecules across the BBB (Gendelman et al, 2015;Hu and Kesari, 2013). In addition, they are also targeted to the receptors of monocytes/macrophages, such as the folate, CD4, mannose, and CD44 receptors, to enhance cellular uptake of the nanomedicine for macrophage-based drug delivery in the brain via the BBB (Irvine et al, 2015).…”

“…Generally, a drug delivery system should have multifunctional actions, i.e., "switch on" and "switch off" functions when required. And, these multifunctional drug delivery systems must be harmonized in an optimal fashion (Gendelman et al, 2015;. Nanoparticle-assisted antimicrobial drug delivery is challenged to produce improved efficacy and avoidance of resistance and it is extremely desired in the treatment of neuroinfective disease (Garg et al, 2015b).…”