Nanometric Aluminum in Explosives

Brousseau, Patrick; Anderson, Cody

doi:10.1002/1521-4087(200211)27:5<300::aid-prep300>3.0.co;2-#

Cited by 165 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Recently, the presence of Al was shown to promote the ejection process of carbon from the intermediate products of RDX pyrolysis, which decreases rocket propellant performance (3). Conventional formulations of energetic materials containing Al particles to improve the performance of explosives and propellants use particles with a mean diameter of ~30 m, but nanoscale materials offer the possibility of faster energy release, more complete combustion, and greater control over performance (1,4). The development of nanoenergetic materials has been hampered by the lack of fundamental knowledge of the chemical dynamics involved.…”

Section: Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Chemical Processes Involving Laser-generated Nanoenergetic Materials

Gottfried¹

2010

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Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. ii REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGEForm Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY)February 2010 ARL-MR-0736 SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S) SPONSOR/MONITOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S) DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENTApproved for public release; distribution unlimited. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ABSTRACTThe feasibility of a novel approach for studying the chemical reactions between metallic nanoparticles and molecular explosives has been demonstrated. This method is based on the production of nanoparticles in a laser-induced plasma and the simultaneous observation of the atomic and molecular emission characteristic of the species involved in the intermediate chemical reactions of the nanoenergetic material in the plasma. Time-resolved, broadband emission of chemical species involved in the reaction of RDX and various metal nanoparticles was observed. The increase in diatomic carbon (C 2 ) and aluminum monoxide (AlO) emission with increasing aluminum (Al) content previously observed during an aluminized-RDX explosion in a shock tube was confirmed using this method. The time-evolution of species formation in the plasma, the effects of laser pulse energy, and the effects of trace metal content on chemical reactions were also studied. iii

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Section: Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Chemical Processes Involving Laser-generated Nanoenergetic Materials

Gottfried¹

2010

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“…With decreasing particle size of the aluminum powder, the detonation velocity is decreased and the heat of explosion is increased. Nano-metric aluminum has become available for introduction into explosives, and a lot of work has been accomplished recently [13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. However, nano-metric aluminum has no significant advantages over micro-metric aluminum in plasticbonded explosives, except in increasing the heat of detonation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Study of the Explosion of Aluminized Explosives in Air

Chen¹,

Xu²,

Wu³

et al. 2016

Cent. Eur. J. Energ. Mater.

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Piezoelectric gauges were used to measure the shock wave overpressure of aluminized explosives and of a TNT charge. An infrared thermal-imaging spectrometer was used to collect the infrared signatures produced by the explosion fireball when the examined explosives were detonated. The measurement of the infrared signatures was used to estimate the surface temperatures and the dimensions of the fireball. Two aluminized explosive compositions (RDX/Al/AP and RDX/Al/B/AP) have been analyzed. 500 g charges of the aluminized explosives were prepared and studied, and their TNT equivalences were calculated according to the experimental data and the explosion law. The highest surface temperatures of the fireballs of these aluminized explosives were up to 1600 °C, which was higher than that of the TNT charge. In the region of the highest surface temperature above 700 °C, the duration for the composition RDX/Al/AP was about 232 ms (2.73 times more than TNT), whilst RDX/Al/B/AP was about 360 ms. The fireballs obtained from the explosion of these aluminized explosives had larger dimensions than that of TNT, especially when the surface temperature was above 1000 °C. The test results indicate that the addition of boron powders to aluminized explosives is a good way to enhance their blast effect, to improve the temperature of the explosion field and to prolong the duration of the higher temperature.

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“…1 In particular, aluminum and boron exhibit considerable promise as high-energy-density species in the presence of oxidizers, 2 and the increasingly economical availability of aluminum nanoparticles, along with a variety of readily tunable physical properties, such as particle diameter and composition of passivation layer, make aluminum nanoparticles particularly attractive for further study. 1,[3][4][5][6][7] When used as an additive in solid-rocket propellants or high explosives, aluminum particles are rapidly ejected into the gas phase following the initial impulsive combustion event; these particles then continue to react with oxidants present in that gas-phase mixture produced by the initial impulsive event. 8 The dynamics of aluminum-particle reactions in such gas-phase environments have been studied in depth by several groups, and a notable dependence of these reaction dynamics on particle size has been observed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[9][10][11] The use of nanoaluminum has also been shown to increase detonation velocities in some cases. 7 Emission spectroscopy from the gas-phase reaction intermediate aluminum oxide (AlO) has been used to gauge reaction temperatures during gas-phase combustion of aluminum particles; 8,9 however, significantly less AlO is observed during the combustion of sub-micron-diameter particles, 12,13 compromising its usefulness for making accurate temperature measurements. Furthermore, because AlO is expected to be present only in the highest temperature regions that contain reacting species, this approach provides only the peak temperature attained during the combustion process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatially and temporally resolved temperature and shock-speed measurements behind a laser-induced blast wave of energetic nanoparticles

Roy

Jiang

Stauffer

et al. 2013

Journal of Applied Physics

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Spatially and temporally resolved temperature measurements behind an expanding blast wave are made using picosecond (ps) N2 coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) following laser flash heating of mixtures containing aluminum nanoparticles embedded in ammonium-nitrate oxidant. Production-front ps-CARS temperatures as high as 3600 ± 180 K-obtained for 50-nm-diameter commercially produced aluminumnanoparticle samples-are observed. Time-resolved shadowgraph images of the evolving blast waves are also obtained to determine the shock-wave position and corresponding velocity. These results are compared with near-field blast-wave theory to extract relative rates of energy release for various particle diameters and passivating-layer compositions.Keywords aluminum nanoparticles, coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering, energetic nanoparticles, energy release, laser flash-heating, particle diameters, relative rates, coherent scattering, Raman spectroscopy Disciplines Mechanical Engineering CommentsThe following article appeared in Journal of Applied Physics 113, 184310 (2013) Spatially and temporally resolved temperature and shock-speed measurements behind a laser-induced blast wave of energetic nanoparticles Spatially and temporally resolved temperature measurements behind an expanding blast wave are made using picosecond (ps) N 2 coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) following laser flash heating of mixtures containing aluminum nanoparticles embedded in ammonium-nitrate oxidant. Production-front ps-CARS temperatures as high as 3600 6 180 K-obtained for 50-nmdiameter commercially produced aluminum-nanoparticle samples-are observed. Time-resolved shadowgraph images of the evolving blast waves are also obtained to determine the shock-wave position and corresponding velocity. These results are compared with near-field blast-wave theory to extract relative rates of energy release for various particle diameters and passivating-layer compositions. V C 2013 AIP Publishing LLC.[http://dx

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Nanometric Aluminum in Explosives

Cited by 165 publications

References 7 publications

Investigation of Chemical Processes Involving Laser-generated Nanoenergetic Materials

Investigation of Chemical Processes Involving Laser-generated Nanoenergetic Materials

Experimental Study of the Explosion of Aluminized Explosives in Air

Spatially and temporally resolved temperature and shock-speed measurements behind a laser-induced blast wave of energetic nanoparticles

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