Nanomedicines Targeting Respiratory Injuries for Pulmonary Disease Management

Abstract

The respiratory system holds crucial importance in the biology of vertebrate animals. Injuries of the respiratory system caused by viral infections (e.g., by COVID‐19, MERS, and SARS) can lead to severe or lethal conditions. So far there are no effective treatments for respiratory injuries. This represents a highly unmet clinical need, e.g., during the current COVID‐19 pandemic. Nanomedicines have high potential in the treatment of respiratory injuries. In this review, the pathology and clinical treatments of major respiratory injuries, acute lung injury, and acute respiratory distress syndrome are briefly summarized. The review primarily focuses on nanomedicines based on liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, and inorganic nanoparticles, which are tested in preclinical models for the treatment of respiratory injuries. These nanomedicines are utilized to deliver a variety of therapeutic agents, including corticosteroids, statins, and nucleic acids. Furthermore, nanomedicines are also investigated for other respiratory diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. The promising preclinical results of various nanoformulations from these studies suggest the potential of nanomedicines for future clinical management of respiratory viral infections and diseases.

Tissue‐ and cell‐expression of druggable host proteins provide insights into repurposing drugs for COVID‐19

“… 102 , 103 By conjugating drugs with an anti‐ICAM‐1 antibody, researchers have developed nanocarriers/nanoparticles that can selectively target the lungs and release the drug in the inflamed lung tissues. 104 ICAM‐1‐targeted pulmonary drug delivery has been confirmed in mice models for several drugs, such as simvastatin, 105 , 106 dexamethasone, 107 and 2‐[(Aminocarbonyl)‐ amino]‐5‐(4‐fluorophenyl)‐3‐thiophenecarboxamide. 108 However, the outcome of this technology remains unclear in humans and requires further clinical studies.…”

“…Another receptor that has been used as a target for pulmonary drug delivery is ICAM‐1, which has abundant expression in the lungs and is upregulated at specific inflammation sites 102,103 . By conjugating drugs with an anti‐ICAM‐1 antibody, researchers have developed nanocarriers/nanoparticles that can selectively target the lungs and release the drug in the inflamed lung tissues 104 . ICAM‐1‐targeted pulmonary drug delivery has been confirmed in mice models for several drugs, such as simvastatin, 105,106 dexamethasone, 107 and 2‐[(Aminocarbonyl)‐ amino]‐5‐(4‐fluorophenyl)‐3‐thiophenecarboxamide 108 .…”

Nanomedicine against biofilm infections: A roadmap of challenges and limitations

“…Nonetheless, careful control is necessary to avoid damage to host cells and nearby tissues (Alumutairi et al, 2020; Ibelli et al, 2018; Kim, 2016). Related to polymeric and biodegradable materials such as chitosan, alginate, poly‐(lactic‐co‐glycolic) acid (PLGA) or polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) among others, toxicity has also been reported due to their slow degradation rate, which can lead to particle accumulation (Liu, Long, et al, 2022; Zhang, Bera, et al, 2022). Moreover, the NPs can not only attack the bacteria within the biofilm, but also disrupt the normal microbiota, leading to dysbiosis and other illnesses (Al‐Wrafy et al, 2022; Karavolos & Holban, 2016; Van Den Brule et al, 2015) (Figure 3).…”

Pendekatan Multiperspektif Dalam Manajemen Penyakit Asma

“…Oleh karena itu, dibandingkan dengan dosis dexamethasone yang sama, dapat menangani hiperesponsivitas saluran napas di tingkat yang lebih besar. 60 Nanovaksin untuk asma. Imunoterapi berbasis nanopartikel terhadap antigen tertentu yang menyebabkan asma merupakan area penelitian yang potensial.…”