“…All these observations, together with the evidence that this pathway is deregulated in human diseases such as cancer and type 2 diabetes, have prompted scientists to not only investigate the mechanism of its activation but also to exploit it pharmacologically. mTOR Abbreviations 2-OG, 2-oxoglutarate; 3-HAA, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid; AC, adenylate cyclase; ACLY, ATP citrate lyase; AhR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor; AKT, serine/threonine-specific protein kinase; AMPc, cyclic adenosine monophosphate; AMPK, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; ARG1, arginase-1; C/EBP, CCAAT-enhancer-binding proteins; CCL13, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 13; CCL17, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 17; CCL22, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 22; CD163, cluster of differentiation 163; CD206, cluster of differentiation 206; CD209, cluster of differentiation 209; CIC, citrate carrier; COX2, cyclooxygenase-2; CREB, cAMP response element-binding protein; CSF1R, colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor; CXCR4, C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4; EAAT, excitatory amino acid transporter; EP4, prostaglandin E2 receptor subtype EP4; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; FAO, fatty acid oxidation; FAS, fatty acid synthase; Foxp3, forkhead box P3; GABA, c-aminobutyric acid; GCN2, general control nonderepressible 2; Gln, glutamine; GLS, glutaminase; Gpr132, G protein-coupled receptor 132; GS, glutamine synthetase; GSK, glycogensynthase kinase; HIF-α, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α; HSF1, heat shock transcription factor 1; IDO, indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase; IFN-γ, interferon-γ; IL-4/10/13, interleuchin-4/10/13; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; IRF4, interferon regulatory factor 4; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; LLC, Lewis lung carcinomas; LOC, mitochondrial lactate oxidation complex; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MBT-2, mouse bladder tumor line-2; M-CSF, macrophage colony-stimulating factor; MCT, monocarboxylate transporter; MEK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; MHC-II, major histocompatibility complex class II; MRC1, mannose receptor C-type 1; MSO, methionine sulfoximine; MSR1, macrophage scavenger receptor 1; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; NFκB, nuclear factor Kappa light-chain enhancer of activated B cells; OAA, oxaloacetate; OXPHOS, oxidative phosphorylation; PC, pyruvate carboxylase; PDH, pyruvate dehydrogenase; PD-L1, programmed death ligand 1; PDPK1, 3phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1; PGE2, prostaglandin E2; PI3Ks, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases; PKA, protein kinase A; PKC, phosphorylates protein kinase C; PKM2, pyruvate kinase isozymes M2; PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; PtdInsP3, phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)trisphosphate; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog; PUFAs, polyunsaturated fatty acids; qRT-PCR, quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR; RAF, rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma; RAS, family of retrovirus-associated DNA sequences; RCC, renal cell carcinoma; REDD1, regulated in development and DNA damage response 1; rhGM-CSF, recombinant human granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor; SGK1, serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1; Sp1, specificity protein 1; TAMs, tumor-associated macrophages; TCA cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle; TCR, T-cell receptor; T eff , effector T cell; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β; TLR, Toll-like receptor; TME, tumor microenvironment; T reg cells, regulatory T cell; TSC1/2, tuberous sclerosis complex 1/2; UDP-GlcNAc, uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor. inhibitors (rapamycin and its analogs) are currently used for the treatment of solid tumors, rheumatoid arthritis and during organ transplantation.…”