“…The nanodecoys with biological properties have abundant ACE2 and cytokine receptors, which compete with host cells and significantly inhibited viral replication and infection [107] . Of note, a detailed discussion of nanotechnology-based vaccine development against COVID-19 has been covered in recent reviews [108] , [109] , [110] , [111] , [112] .…”
Section: Nanomedicine In Immunotherapy Vaccines and Vaccine Adjuvantmentioning
“…The nanodecoys with biological properties have abundant ACE2 and cytokine receptors, which compete with host cells and significantly inhibited viral replication and infection [107] . Of note, a detailed discussion of nanotechnology-based vaccine development against COVID-19 has been covered in recent reviews [108] , [109] , [110] , [111] , [112] .…”
Section: Nanomedicine In Immunotherapy Vaccines and Vaccine Adjuvantmentioning
“…[ 116 ] It has also been reported that some nanocarriers’ surface properties have shown promising result in binding ACE2 receptor. [ 117 ] The cationic PAMAM nanoparticles have the property to bind to the ACE2 receptor, blocking angiotensin’s cleavage, causing ARDS. [ 118 ]…”
Section: Polymer-based Nano-therapies For Respiratory Injury Treatmentmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Polymeric nanocarriers can be used to deliver antigens without premature degradation and potential side-effects, which allow directed targeting of the vaccine towards APCs. [ 117 ] Additionally, with the growing interest in RNA and DNA vaccines to fight against coronavirus, combining them with nanoscale cargo devices will be an effective approach to overcome all the limitations mentioned above. It has been already reported that the nanocarrier-based strategy can be an effective approach to deliver small interfering RNA (siRNA) for the treatment of malignancies, infections, and autoimmune diseases.…”
Section: Polymer-based Nanomedicine Strategies For Covid-19 Vaccine Deliverymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…[ 155 ] The antigen encapsulated nanocarrier-based vaccine delivery strategy shows the potential efficacy that prolongs the antigen exposure towards the immune cells. [ 117 ] Antigens with amphoteric nature are suitable candidates to be adsorbed on polymeric nanocarrier surfaces like chitosan and dextran sulphate-based nanoparticles. [ 156 ] In such cases, nanocarriers are predesigned with stimuli-responsive properties like pH, temperature, and ionic strength to release antigens from the carrier surface inside patients’ bodies.…”
Section: Polymer-based Nanomedicine Strategies For Covid-19 Vaccine Deliverymentioning
The recent coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has increased at an alarming rate, representing a substantial cause of mortality worldwide. Respiratory injuries are major COVID-19 related complications, leading to poor lung circulation, tissue scarring, and airway obstruction. Despite an in-depth investigation of respiratory injury’s molecular pathogenesis, effective treatments have yet to be developed. Moreover, early detection of viral infection is required to halt the disease-related long-term complications, including respiratory injuries. The currently employed detection technique (quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction or qRT-PCR) failed to meet this need at some point because it is costly, time-consuming, and requires higher expertise and technical skills. Polymer-based nanobiosensing techniques can be employed to overcome these limitations. Polymeric nanomaterials have the potential for clinical applications due to their versatile features like low cytotoxicity, biodegradability, bioavailability, biocompatibility, and specific delivery at the targeted site of action. In recent years, innovative polymeric nanomedicine approaches have been developed to deliver therapeutic agents and support tissue growth for the inflamed organs, including the lung. This review highlights the most recent advances of polymer-based nanomedicine approaches in infectious disease diagnosis and treatments. This paper also focuses on the potential of novel nanomedicine techniques that may prove to be therapeutically efficient in fighting against COVID-19 related respiratory injuries.
“…As shown in Fig. 7 , the strategy of nanocarrier-based drug delivery is depending on development of antiviral drugs that are targeting either (i) SARS-CoV-2 life cycle through the site of action and that involve blocking the virus receptors in the host cells to prevent the enzyme binding with the cell membrane, (ii) the nasal mucosa which is the primary site of infection and it contains several antibodies and it is considered the first line of defense, or even iii: the immune system of patients to inhibit the inflammatory response caused by the virus [ 78 ]. Fig.…”
Herein, we discuss fast development of the new coronavirus disease COVID-19, emerged in late 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, the ground zero of the coronavirus pandemic, and associated with relatively high mortality rate. COVID-19 risk originates from its ability to transmit easily from person to person through the respiratory droplets released during sneezing, breathing, talking, singing, or coughing within a range of nearly 1.5–2 m. The review begins with an overview of COVID-19 origin and symptoms that range from common cold to severe respiratory illnesses and death. Then, it sheds light on the role of nanotechnology as an effective tool for fighting COVID-19 via contributions in diagnosis, treatment, and manufacture of protective equipment for people and healthcare workers. Emergency-approved therapeutics for clinical trial and prospective vaccines are discussed. Additionally, the present work addresses the risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus transmission via wastewater and means of wastewater treatment and disinfection via nanoscale materials. The review concludes with a brief assessment of the government's efforts and contemporary propositions to minimize COVID-19 hazard and spreading.
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