Nanomedicine for treatment of diabetes in an aging population: State-of-the-art and future developments

Nanoparticle Insulin Drug Delivery — Applications and New Aspects

“…Vitamin-B 12 demonstrated as a ligand to enhance the uptake of the dextran NPs and their translocation across the gastrointestinal tract for high bioavailability. Insulin conjugated to dextran-vitamin B 12 NPs to diabetic rats that had the least amount of cross linking were found to be most effective at lowering blood glucose levels (70-75%) in STZ induced diabetic rats. In addition the hypoglycemic effect lasted for 54 h. This modification showed the greatest hypoglycemic effect with a pharmacological availability of 29.4% (Table 1) [49,52,53].…”

“…It's expected to increase from 171 million in 2000 to 366 million by the year 2030 as predicted by the WHO so it continues to increase in prevalence and will become a serious threat of mankind health [12]. Insulin injections remain to be preferred approach for the treatment of insulindependent diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and for many patients non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (T2DM) also.…”

“…They have an impaired endogenous insulin secretion to deal with the increased blood glucose level and majority needs oral antidiabetic drugs. As the disease progresses, the pancreas looses its ability to produce insulin and necessity of insulin therapy increases [12,13,14].…”

“…Different formulation of polymers for insulin delivery such as liposomes, microspheres, microemulsion and nanoparticles (NPs) have been investigated to circumvent these GI barriers [26,27]. Among these approaches nanoparticular sysytems have attracted special interest because of providing the protection to the highly acidic medium in the stomach (preventing enzymatic degradation), prolonging intestinal residence time, increasing the permeability of drugs to systemic circulation (increasing absorption) and providing controlled-release properties for encapsulated drug [12,28]. For the conventional medicine it is well understood the nanosize along with other characteristics does play an important role as evident from the improved bioavailability/pharmacological availability [29,30].…”

Enhanced Incretin Effects of Exendin-4 Expressing Chimeric Plasmid Based On Two-Step Transcription Amplification System with Dendritic Bioreducible Polymer for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes

“…Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disorder which is characterized by high blood glucose (hyperglycemia) and by either the body does not produce enough insulin or the cells ignore the insulin in peripheral tissues (insulin resistance) [3][4][5].…”