Nanomedicine-Based Drug-Targeting in Breast Cancer: Pharmacokinetics, Clinical Progress, and Challenges

Abstract

Breast cancer (BC) is a malignant neoplasm that begins in the breast tissue. After skin cancer, BC is the second most common type of cancer in women. At the end of 2040, the number of newly diagnosed BC cases is projected to increase by over 40%, reaching approximately 3 million worldwide annually. The hormonal and chemotherapeutic approaches based on conventional formulations have inappropriate therapeutic effects and suboptimal pharmacokinetic responses with nonspecific targeting actions. To overcome such issues, the use of nanomedicines, including liposomes, nanoparticles, micelles, hybrid nanoparticles, etc., has gained wider attention in the treatment of BC. Smaller dimensional nanomedicine (especially 50–200 nm) exhibited improved in vivo effectiveness, such as better tissue penetration and more effective tumor suppression through enhanced retention and permeation, as well as active targeting of the drug. Additionally, nanotechnology, which further extended and developed theranostic nanomedicine by incorporating diagnostic and imaging agents in one platform, has been applied to BC. Furthermore, hybrid and theranostic nanomedicine has also been explored for gene delivery as anticancer therapeutics in BC. Moreover, the nanocarriers’ size, shape, surface charge, chemical compositions, and surface area play an important role in the nanocarriers’ stability, cellular absorption, cytotoxicity, cellular uptake, and toxicity. Additionally, nanomedicine clinical translation for managing BC remains a slow process. However, a few cases are being used clinically, and their progress with the current challenges is addressed in this Review. Therefore, this Review extensively discusses recent advancements in nanomedicine and its clinical challenges in BC.

Nanomedicine: a frontier of the breast cancer treatment

“…Nanomaterial size, surface charges, and chemical composition play principleroles in therapeutic release, cytotoxicity, and druguptake phenomena. 8 The scientific investigation currently highlights that during cancer development and progression, extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a regulatory role in cancer. 9 This type of invention introduces a new member of nanomedicine, called EVs.…”

Nanotechnology for the theranostic opportunity of breast cancer lung metastasis: recent advancements and future challenges

“…Treatment of MBC using nanoparticle drug delivery systems has the potential to improve drug delivery, controlled release, and biocompatibility, thus improving drug efficacy and reducing side effects. It is possible to target multiple metastatic sites at the same time and to achieve better therapeutic effects and lower injury effects by combining multiple therapeutic methods (Silberholz et al, 2019;Sudheesh et al, 2022;Rahman et al, 2023). In this review, we attempt to outline the latest advances in the application of nanoscale diagnostic and therapeutic systems for BCLM, with particular emphasis on the mechanisms and research exploration.…”