Nanomaterials for Combinational Radio–Immuno Oncotherapy

Abstract

Radiotherapy, a clinically used local treatment modality of cancers, is regarded as a promising candidate to promote current immunotherapy through initiating an in situ vaccination effect and reprogramming the immunosuppressive microenvironment. The combination of radiotherapy and immunotherapy, referred to as combinational radio–immuno oncotherapy (CRIOT), elicits a synergistic antitumor effect based on the immunomodulatory properties of radiation. Unfortunately, current CRIOT accompanies low response rate and severe toxicity in clinical trials, thus limiting its application. To this end, various nanomaterials are being developed to sensitize radiotherapy or deliver immune agents, or both, to improve the unsatisfactory outcomes of CRIOT. Herein, enhanced antitumor efficacy of CRIOT with nanomaterials through the possible mechanisms of rejuvenation and activation of T cells, increased presentation of tumor‐related antigens, and inhibition of suppressive macrophages is presented, and the prospect of CRIOT in clinical practice is proposed.

Simultaneously boosting the conjugation, brightness and solubility of organic fluorophores by using AIEgens

“…The efficient accumulation of AIE NPs at the tumour site is mainly due to the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. [55][56][57] The results show that the bright NIR NPs obtained through rational molecular design hold great promise for precise non-invasive tumour diagnosis in a high contrast manner.…”

Design, Bioanalytical, and Biomedical Applications of Aptamer-Based Hydrogels

“…Compared with viral vectors, non-viral vectors are safer and more desirable. Therefore, the development of safe non-viral vectors is highly desirable (97,149,152,153).…”

Implantable and Injectable Biomaterial Scaffolds for Cancer Immunotherapy

“…A large and growing body of studies have demonstrated the synergistic effects of biomaterials combined with cancer immunotherapy direct the path to address these limitations (Guo et al, 2020;Sang et al, 2019;Zhang et al, 2020). Lately, a variety of biomaterials, such as nanoparticles, implantable biomaterial scaffolds and injectable biomaterial scaffolds, have been introduced to promote immune response and improve the anti-tumor effect (Feng et al, 2020;Li et al, 2019;Wang et al, 2020;Xie et al, 2018). Improved delivery technologies using these materials can induce systemic immune therapeutic responses, while avoiding systemic toxicity (Chen et al, 2019;Ding et al, 2019c;Qiu et al, 2020).…”