Nanomaterials as Inhibitors of Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition in Cancer Treatment

Cordani, Marco; Strippoli, Raffaele; Somoza, Álvaro

doi:10.3390/cancers12010025

Cited by 26 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 228 publications

(285 reference statements)

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“…As previously known, among the three main different types of EMT (EMT on embryogenesis, EMT on chronic fibrotic pathologies, and EMT during tumor progression), the tumor-related EMT most often undergoes an incomplete or partial EMT. [27][28][29][30] We found different results from previous studies conducted by Xu et al in osteosarcoma MG-63 cells and Park et al in pancreatic cancer cells. Both studies showed that alpha mangostin suppressed EMT.…”

Section: The Effect Of Alpha Mangostin Alone or In Combination With Scontrasting

confidence: 95%

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The Effect of Alpha Mangostin on Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition on Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma HepG2 Cells Surviving Sorafenib via TGF-β/Smad Pathways

et al. 2020

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Purpose : This study was intended to find out the impact of alpha mangostin administration on the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers and TGF-β/Smad pathways in hepatocellular carcinoma Hep-G2 cells surviving sorafenib. Methods: Hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells were treated with sorafenib 10 μM. Cells surviving sorafenib treatment (HepG2surv) were then treated vehicle, sorafenib, alpha mangostin, or combination of sorafenib and alpha mangostin. Afterward, cells were observed for their morphology with an inverted microscope and counted for cell viability. The concentrations of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 in a culture medium were examined using ELISA. The mRNA expressions of TGF-β1, TGF-β1-receptor, Smad3, Smad7, E-cadherin, and vimentin were evaluated using quantitative reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction. The protein level of E-cadherin was also determined using western blot analysis. Results: Treatment of alpha mangostin and sorafenib caused a significant decrease in the viability of sorafenib-surviving HepG2 cells versus control (both groups with P<0.05). Our study found that alpha mangostin treatment increased the expressions of vimentin (P<0.001 versus control). In contrast, alpha mangostin treatment tends to decrease the expressions of Smad7 and E-cadherin (both with P>0.05). In line with our findings, the expressions of TGF-β1 and Smad3 are significantly upregulated after alpha mangostin administration (both with P<0.05) versus control. Conclusion: Alpha mangostin reduced cell viability of sorafenib-surviving HepG2 cells; however, it also enhanced epithelial–mesenchymal transition markers by activating TGF-β/Smad pathways.

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Section: The Effect Of Alpha Mangostin Alone or In Combination With Scontrasting

confidence: 95%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Alpha Mangostin on Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition on Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma HepG2 Cells Surviving Sorafenib via TGF-β/Smad Pathways

et al. 2020

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“…Molecularly, the EMT phenotypic switch is accompanied by downregulation of epithelial cell markers including E-cadherin and cytokeratin, and upregulation of mesenchymal markers such as vimentin, fibronectin, snails, and N-cadherin 1 , 2 . EMT is regulated by complex molecular pathways and multiple signaling events including TGFβ, WNT, MAPK, FAK and JAK/Stat, Hedgehog, and Hippo-YAP/TAZ 3 , 4 . Accumulating experimental evidence indicates that EMT contributes to tumor metastasis, chemoresistance, and immunosuppression 1 , 5 , 6 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Luminacin D Analog HL142 Inhibits Ovarian Tumor Growth and Metastasis by Reversing EMT and Attenuating the TGFβ and FAK Pathways

Wang

Zhao

et al. 2021

J. Cancer

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Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is known to contribute to tumor metastasis and chemoresistance. Reversing EMT using small molecule inhibitors to target EMT associated gene expression represents an effective strategy for cancer treatment. The purpose of this study is to test whether a new luminacin D analog HL142 reverses EMT in ovarian cancer (OC) and has the therapeutic potential for OC. We chemically synthesized HL142 and tested its functions in OC cells in vitro and its efficacy in inhibiting ovarian tumor growth and metastasis in vivo using orthotopic OC mouse models. We first demonstrate that ASAP1 is co-amplified and interacts with the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) protein in serous ovarian carcinoma. HL142 inhibits ASAP1 and its interaction protein FAK in highly invasive OVCAR8 and moderately invasive OVCAR3 cells. HL142 inhibits EMT phenotypic switch, accompanied by upregulating epithelial marker E-cadherin and cytokeratin-7 and downregulating mesenchymal markers vimentin, β-catenin, and snail2 in both cell lines. Functionally, HL142 inhibits proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion. HL142 also sensitizes cell responses to chemotherapy drug paclitaxel treatment and inhibits ovarian tumor growth and metastasis in orthotopic OC mouse models. We further show that HL142 attenuates the TGFβ and FAK pathways in vitro using OC cells and in vivo using orthotopic mouse models.

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“…Direct pharmacological inhibition of EMT transcription factors is difficult [68]. Alternative approaches to target EMT are described using metabolic inhibitors [69] or nanomaterials [70]. Examples include suramin for prostate cancer [71], inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase for triple negative breast cancer [72], and chitosan as a nanocarrier for SN38 and Snail-specific siRNA in prostate cancer cells [73].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The epithelial–mesenchymal transition regulators Twist, Slug, and Snail are associated with aggressive tumour features and poor outcome in prostate cancer patients

Børretzen

Gravdal

Haukaas

et al. 2021

The Journal of Pathology CR

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The prognostic importance of transcription factors promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and angiogenesis has not been well explored in prostate cancer patients with long follow-up, nor the interplay between these factors. The objective of this study was to assess the individual protein expression and coexpression of Twist, Slug (Snai2), Snail (Snai1), and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (Hif-1α) in prostate cancer in relation to EMT, angiogenesis, hypoxia, tumour features, disease recurrence, and patient survival. Immunohistochemical staining was performed on tissue microarray sections from 338 radical prostatectomies with long follow-up. In addition, 41 cases of prostatic hyperplasia, 33 non-skeletal metastases, 13 skeletal metastases, and 33 castration-resistant prostate carcinomas were included. Our findings were validated in external gene expression data sets. Twist was overexpressed in primary prostate cancer and markedly reduced in distant metastases (p < 0.0005). Strong expression of Twist and Slug was associated with Hif-1α in localised prostate cancer (p ≤ 0.001), and strong Twist was associated with Hif-1α in castration-resistant carcinomas (p = 0.044). Twist, Slug, and increased Snail at the tumour stromal border were associated with vascular factors (p ≤ 0.045). Each of the three EMT-regulating transcription factors were associated with aggressive tumour features and shorter time to recurrence and cancer-specific death. Notably, the co-expression of factors demonstrated an enhanced influence on outcome. In the subgroup of E-cadherin low carcinomas, strong Slug was associated with shorter time to all end points and was an independent predictor of time to multiple end points, including cancer-specific death (hazard ratio 3.0, p = 0.041). To conclude, we demonstrate an important relation between EMT, hypoxia, and angiogenesis and a strong link between the investigated EMT regulators and aggressive tumour features and poor patient outcome in prostate cancer. Despite the retrospective nature of this long-term study, our findings could have a significant impact on the future treatment of prostate cancer, where tailored therapies might be directed simultaneously against epithelial-mesenchymal phenotypes, angiogenesis, and tumour hypoxia.

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Nanomaterials as Inhibitors of Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition in Cancer Treatment

Cited by 26 publications

References 228 publications

The Effect of Alpha Mangostin on Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition on Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma HepG2 Cells Surviving Sorafenib via TGF-β/Smad Pathways

The Effect of Alpha Mangostin on Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition on Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma HepG2 Cells Surviving Sorafenib via TGF-β/Smad Pathways

A Luminacin D Analog HL142 Inhibits Ovarian Tumor Growth and Metastasis by Reversing EMT and Attenuating the TGFβ and FAK Pathways

The epithelial–mesenchymal transition regulators Twist, Slug, and Snail are associated with aggressive tumour features and poor outcome in prostate cancer patients

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