Nanomaterial Synthesis: Chemical and Biological Route and Applications

<p>Recent Developments in the Facile Bio-Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) and Their Biomedical Applications</p>

“…The synthesis of amphiphilic colloids of CdS and noble metal nanoparticles require such pursuits. 9 Moreover, the additional of precursor materials (such as polyvinyl alcohol causes) may lead to cytotoxicity of healthy cells when the nanoparticles are used as drug delivery agents. Studies have also found that nanoparticles affect the functions of the heart and the vasculature, which needs to be carefully assessed.…”

Advances in Nanotechnology towards Development of Silver Nanoparticle-Based Wound-Healing Agents

“…The top-down approach involves the physical reduction of a bulk compound to its smaller constituents. In this method, a heavy force is used to crush the macromolecule into nanoparticles through physical and mechanical processes, such as UV irradiation, lithography, laser ablation, ultrasonic fields and photochemical reduction [ 5 , 58 ]. The physical reduction methods produce AgNPs with a narrow size distribution range and usually have fast processing times.…”

“…In the bottom-up approach, small particles, such as atoms and molecules, are utilised as building blocks to obtain nanoparticles. Self-assembly or assisted assembly of these smaller particles results in the production of a complex nanoparticle [ 58 ]. The bottom-up approach is subdivided into the chemical, microwave and biological methods [ 60 ].…”

“…To mitigate against these environmental effects, new alternative methods that are eco-friendly, cost effective and energy efficient are quickly emerging [ 53 ]. The development of green or biological synthesis has been extensively reviewed in literature [ 5 , 11 , 12 , 53 , 58 , 59 ].…”

Green synthesis of 3-(1-naphthyl), 4-methyl-3-(1-naphthyl) coumarins and 3-phenylcoumarins using dual-frequency ultrasonication

“…In continuation of our work on the development of simple and efficient routes for the green synthesis of naturally occurring compounds using ultrasonication, we propose to report our efforts towards one-pot green synthesis of 3-(1-naphthyl), 4-methyl-3-(1-naphthyl) coumarins and 3-phenylcoumarins using ultrasound irradiation. The reaction rates of various chemical transformations like synthesis of α, β unsaturated compounds [23], 3-substituted indoles [24], oxidation and reduction reactions [25], Mannich-type reactions [26], triazole derivative synthesis [27,28], nanomaterial synthesis [29], Michael addition reactions [30], coupling reactions [31], extraction of caffeine [32], etc. have been enhanced using ultrasound activation.…”