Nanoliposome-Encapsulated and Non-Encapsulated Phenolics From Achillea millefolium and Their Biological Function in Mice Challenged by Campylobacter jejuni: A Comparative Study
Abstract:The objective of this research was to develop the nanoliposome-encapsulated phenolic rich fraction from Achillea millefolium (A. millefolium) and to investigate its antibacterial and health-promoting activities in mice challenged by pathogenic foodborne Campylobacter jejuni. The A. millefolium was extracted and the ethyl acetate fraction was found to be the phenolic-rich fraction (PRF) containing 14.72 ± 2.39 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dry weight (DM). Base on the results, the synthesized nanoliposome-l… Show more
“…Phytosomes are novel drug delivery systems that have gained immense attention nowadays due to their ability to enhance the bioavailability of natural compounds and confer them the ability to target and deliver the hydrophobic and hydrophilic phytoconstituents at the site of action 19,20 . Moreover, these complexes are more stable and mainly prone to structural leakages, depending on bioactive compounds 21 . Nowadays, they are applied as natural digestive aids and carriers for lipid‐ and water‐soluble nutrients 22,23 …”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…19,20 Moreover, these complexes are more stable and mainly prone to structural leakages, depending on bioactive compounds. 21 Nowadays, they are applied as natural digestive aids and carriers for lipid-and water-soluble nutrients. 22,23 Several studies were performed on the application of phytosome delivery systems for the various herbal products, including quercetin ,24 curcumin, 25 naringenin, 26 silybin, green tea, and ginkgo biloba.…”
Hesperidin and hesperetin are two important plant flavanones abundantly found in citrus fruit. They have discovered many biological activities to treat diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease. Despite their various benefits, they have poor solubility, which reduces their bioavailability and absorption. In this study, nanophytosomes have been utilized to improve their payload's solubility and bioavailability. In the current study, hesperetin or hesperidin was complexed with Phospholipon 90G with a 2:1 or 3:1 molar ratio, respectively. The formation of associations between active compounds and phospholipid were confirmed by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. Dynamic light scattering data show that the prepared associations in the presence of body fluids can make nanoparticles in the range of 200–250 nm. In addition, oral administration demonstrated that Cmax of hesperidin and hesperetin was increased (up to four times) after complexation with the lipid. It is concluded that phospholipid association may be used as a suitable and straightforward strategy to improve therapeutic activities of hesperidin and hesperetin by increasing their solubility and bioavailability.
“…Phytosomes are novel drug delivery systems that have gained immense attention nowadays due to their ability to enhance the bioavailability of natural compounds and confer them the ability to target and deliver the hydrophobic and hydrophilic phytoconstituents at the site of action 19,20 . Moreover, these complexes are more stable and mainly prone to structural leakages, depending on bioactive compounds 21 . Nowadays, they are applied as natural digestive aids and carriers for lipid‐ and water‐soluble nutrients 22,23 …”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…19,20 Moreover, these complexes are more stable and mainly prone to structural leakages, depending on bioactive compounds. 21 Nowadays, they are applied as natural digestive aids and carriers for lipid-and water-soluble nutrients. 22,23 Several studies were performed on the application of phytosome delivery systems for the various herbal products, including quercetin ,24 curcumin, 25 naringenin, 26 silybin, green tea, and ginkgo biloba.…”
Hesperidin and hesperetin are two important plant flavanones abundantly found in citrus fruit. They have discovered many biological activities to treat diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease. Despite their various benefits, they have poor solubility, which reduces their bioavailability and absorption. In this study, nanophytosomes have been utilized to improve their payload's solubility and bioavailability. In the current study, hesperetin or hesperidin was complexed with Phospholipon 90G with a 2:1 or 3:1 molar ratio, respectively. The formation of associations between active compounds and phospholipid were confirmed by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. Dynamic light scattering data show that the prepared associations in the presence of body fluids can make nanoparticles in the range of 200–250 nm. In addition, oral administration demonstrated that Cmax of hesperidin and hesperetin was increased (up to four times) after complexation with the lipid. It is concluded that phospholipid association may be used as a suitable and straightforward strategy to improve therapeutic activities of hesperidin and hesperetin by increasing their solubility and bioavailability.
Encapsulation is a drug or food ingredient loaded-delivery system that entraps active components, protecting them from decomposition/degradation throughout the processing and storage stages and facilitates their delivery to the target tissue/organ, improving their bioactivities. The application of this technology is expanding gradually from pharmaceuticals to the food industry, since dietary bioactive ingredients, including polyphenols, are susceptible to environmental and/or gastrointestinal conditions. Polyphenols are the largest group of plants' secondary metabolites, with a wide range of biological effects. Literature data have indicated their potential in the prevention of several disorders and pathologies, ranging from simpler allergic conditions to more complex metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Despite the promising health effects in preclinical studies, the clinical use of dietary polyphenols is still very limited due to their low bioaccessibility and/or bioavailability. Encapsulation can be successfully employed in the development of polyphenol-based functional foods, which may improve their bioaccessibility and/or bioavailability. Moreover, encapsulation can also aid in the targeted delivery of polyphenols and may prevent any possible adverse events. For the encapsulation of bioactive ingredients, several techniques are applied such as emulsion phase separation, emulsification/internal gelation, film formation, spray drying, spray-bed-drying, fluid-bed coating, spray-chilling, spray-cooling, and melt injection. The present review aims to throw light on the existing literature highlighting the possibility and clinical benefits of encapsulated polyphenols in health and disease. However, the clinical data is still very scarce and randomized clinical trials are needed before any conclusion is drawn.
Graphical abstract
Polyphenols are natural compounds which are plant-based bioactive molecules, and have been the subject of growing interest in recent years. Characterized by multiple varieties, polyphenols are mostly found in fruits and vegetables. Currently, many diseases are waiting for a cure or a solution to reduce their symptoms. However, drug or other chemical strategies have limitations for using a treatment agent or still detection tool of many diseases, and thus researchers still need to investigate preventive or improving treatment. Therefore, it is of interest to elucidate polyphenols, their bioactivity effects, supplementation, and consumption. The disadvantage of polyphenols is that they have a limited bioavailability, although they have multiple beneficial outcomes with their bioactive roles. In this context, several different strategies have been developed to improve bioavailability, particularly liposomal and nanoparticles. As nutrition is one of the most important factors in improving health, the inclusion of plant-based molecules in the daily diet is significant and continues to be enthusiastically researched. Nutrition, which is important for individuals of all ages, is the key to the bioactivity of polyphenols.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.